2. History
Roentgen disocvered first example of ionizing
radiation called X rays while experimenting with
cathode rays in CROOKES tube.
Crookes tube created free electrons by ionization of
residual air in the tube by high DC voltage
This voltage accelrated the electrons coming from the
hot cathode to high enough velocity that they created
X Rays when they struck with anode.
3. PRODUCTION OF X RAYS
X rays are invisible, highly
penetrating,electromagnetic radiations with very high
frequency and very short wavelength of 0.1 to 1 A.
When electrons released by hot cathode are accelrated
by high voltage are suddenly decelrated upon collision
with metal target ,the anode.
Tungsten is maily used as target anode its high atomic
no and melting point of 3300 F.
Molybdenum is used foe mammography
5. Different tissues in body absorb Xrays at different extents:
• Bone- high absorption (white)
• Tissue- somewhere in the middle absorption (grey)
• Air- low absorption (black)
6. THE PLAIN FILM
• The PA (postero-anterior) view:
It is the most frequently required radiological
examination. Comparison of current film with old
films is valuable.
Position: Patient facing the
film, chin up with the shoulders
rotated forwards to displaced
the scapulae from the lungs.
Exposure is made on full
inspiration, centering at T5.
7. Lateral view:
Comparison with PA view:
Advantages : Anterior mediastinal
masses
Encysted pleural fluids
Posterior basal consolidation
Disadvantages : Lung collapse
Large pleural effusion.
8. Lateral decubitus position:
It is helpful to assess the volume of pleural effusion
and demonstrate whether a pleural effusion is mobile
or loculated.
Lateral decubitus position film showing mobile pleural effusion (arrows)
9.
10. AP VS PA VIEW
This is a PA film on the left compared with a AP supine film on the
right.
The AP shows magnification of the heart and widening of the
mediastinum.
AP film is taken mostly in very ill patients who cannot stand erect.
13. CENTERING
MEDIAL ENDS OF CLAVICLES SHOULD BE AT
EQUIDISTANT FROM SPINOUS PROCESS AT
T4/5 LEVEL.
ROTATION CAN DISTORT MEDIASTINAL
BORDERS.
LUNGS NEAREST TO FILM APPEARS LESS
TRANSLUCENT.
19. Penetration is degree to which x
rays absorbed through body.
Normally the vertebral bodies should be just
visible through the heart.
DEPENDS UPON THE KVP
kVp = Energy of x-rays = higher penetrability, it moves through
tissue.
The energy determines the QUALITY of x-ray produced.
1. increase in kVp = electrons gain high energy
2. higher the energy of electrons = greater quality of x-rays
3. greater quality = greater penetrability
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. TRACHEA
NARROWING: Normal
coronal diameter is 25mm
for males nd 21 mm for
females.
DISPLACEMENT
INTRALUMINAL
LESIONS
MIDLINE IN UPPER PART
THEN DEVIATES TO
RIGHT AROUND AORTIC
KNUCKLE
26. PARATRACHEAL STRIPE
RIGHT PARATRACHEAL
STRIPE:RT border of trachea
meeting with rt lung
SEEN IN 60 % .
<5MM
LEFT PARATRACHEAL
STRIPE
NOT VISUALISED
BECAUSE OF GREAT
VESSELS ON LEFT
BORDER OF TRACHEA
27.
28.
29. MEDIASTINUM AND HEART
P-A view
Right border:
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
The inferior vena cava.
rarely
The right atrium& the
superior vena cava shares
more than 50%.
Left border
Aortic knucle
Pulmonary bay
LA appendage
Left ventricle
30.
31. CARDIAC MALPOSITIONS
SITUS SOLITUS
DEXTROCARDIA WITH
SITUS INVERSUS
DEXTROCARDIA WITH
SITUS SOLITUS
LEVOCARDIA WITH
SITUS INVERSUS
SITUS AMBIGIUOS
32. visceroatrial situs solitus
(gastric bubble arrowed) and
isolated dextrocardia.
Chest radiograph of a patient with total
situs inversus (gastric
bubble arrowed).
34. Pericardial calcification
m/c cause is constrictive
pericarditis.
First occurs in
dependent
areas:Diapragm,posterio
r and anterior cardiac
surface
Better seen in lateral
view.
Minimally over left
ventricle.
37. JUNCTION LINES
ANTERIOR JUNCTION
LINE
POSTERIOR JUNCTION
LINE
FORMED BY LUNGS
MEETING POSTERIORLY
BEHIND ESOPHAGUS
FORMED BY LUNGS
MEETING ANTERIOR TO
THE ASCENDING
AORTA.
2 MM THICK
1 MM THICK
STRAIGHT OR CURVED
RUNS DOWNWARD
LINE,CONVEX TO LEFT
BELOW THE
EXTENDS FROM LUNG
SUPRASTERNAL NOTCH
APICES TO AORTIC
CURVING FROM LEFT
KNUCKLE OR BELOW
TO RIGHT
38.
39. LUNGS
apices to
lower border of 2nd rib
anteriorly.
2. Middle zone :lower
border of 2nd rib
anteriorly to lower
border of 4th rib
anteriorly.
• 3. Lower zone :lower
border of 4th rib
anteriorly to lung
bases.
1. Upper zone:
40.
41.
42. The right upper lobe (RUL) occupies the upper 1/3 of the
right lung.
Posteriorly, the RUL is adjacent to the first three to five ribs.
Anteriorly, the RUL extends inferiorly as far as the 4th right
anterior rib
43. The right middle lobe is typically the smallest of
the three, and appears triangular in shape,
being narrowest near the hilum
44. RIGHT LOWER LOBE
The right lower lobe is the largest of all three lobes, separated
from the others by the major fissure.
Posteriorly, the RLL extend as far superiorly as the 6th thoracic
vertebral body, and extends inferiorly to the diaphragm.
45. Lung Anatomy on Chest X-ray
These lobes can be separated
from one another by two
fissures.
The minor fissure separates
the RUL from the RML, and
thus represents the visceral
pleural surfaces of both of
these lobes.
Oriented obliquely, the major
fissure extends posteriorly and
superiorly approximately to
the level of the fourth
vertebral body.
46. No defined left minor fissure, there are only two lobes on the left;
the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.
48. Lung Anatomy on Chest X-ray
These two lobes are
separated by a major
fissure, identical to that
seen on the right side,
although often slightly
more inferior in location.
The portion of the left
lung that corresponds
anatomically to the right
middle lobe is
incorporated into the left
upper lobe.
49.
50.
51. Pulmonary artery
• MPA Forms convexity on left mediastinal border b/w
arch of aorta and straight left heart border.
• RPA runs horizontally to the right and is not seen on
frontal view divides in mediastinum forming
descending br.of RPA wich is visible on x ray
• LPA continues as branch of MPA and gives upper lobe
branch as it passes left main bronchus forming upper
part of left hilum.
56. Pulmonary veins
Right and left upper lobe neins
In the outer two thirds of the lungs, arteries cannot be
distinguished from veins on chest radiography
VEINS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM ARTERIES
AS VEINS FOLLOW HORIZONTAL COURSE TO
LEFT ATRIUM
59. KERLEY LINES
Kerley A lines
Kerley B lines
1-2 mm ,non brnaching lines
Transverse non branching 1-2
originating from hilum 2-6
cm long
Thickened Interlobular septa
mm lines at lung base
perpendicular to pleura
1-3 cm long
Thickened Interlobular septa
60. The Silhouette Sign
An intra-thoracic radio-
opacity, if in anatomic
contact with a border of
heart or aorta, will
obscure that border. An
intra-thoracic lesion not
anatomically contiguous
with a border or a normal
structure will not
obliterate that border.
61.
62.
63.
64. Diaphragm
•Right is normally higher than left by 1.5-3cm
•On inspiration the domes of the diaphragms are at
the level of the 6th rib anteriorly and 10th rib
posteriorly.
????CHECK ?????
Costophrenic angles crisp?
Air under diaphragms?
Flattened diaphrags
Loss of diaphragm definition
Elevated hemidiaphragm
Tenting
69. Soft Tissues
Breast shadows
Supraclavicular areas
Axillae
Tissues along side of breasts
Abdomen
Gastric bubble
Air under diaphragm
Neck
Soft tissue mass
70. Bones:
Check the bones for any
fracture , lesions, density
or mineralization.
Bony Fragments
Ribs
Sternum
Spine
Shoulder girdle
Clavicles
80. Viewing lateral film
Clear spaces:Retrosternal
AND retrocardiac
Obliteraion of retrosternal
space:thymoma,aneurysms of
aorta and nodal masses.
Vertebral
translucency:posterior basal
consolidation
Diaphragm outline:Both
diaphragms are visible
throughout their length
except left anteriorly
Acute posterior costophrenic
angles
81. Trachea
Right pulmoanry artery
anterior to caring.
LPA is posterior and
superior and veins are
inferior.
CARDIAC CONTOURS
ANTERIOR BORDER
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary artery
Right ventricle
POSTERIOR BORDER
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left ventricle from above
downwards
82. The Normal Chest X-ray
Lateral View:
Oblique fissure
2. Horizontal fissure
3. Thoracic spine and
retrocardiac space
4. Retrosternal space
1.