SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 23
Download to read offline
SAY GOODBYE TO DIY DATA CENTERS
AN INFRASTRUCTURE-AS-A-SERVICE INTENSIVE


Through this year-long series of whitepapers and webinars, independent analyst Ben Kepes will
be building a cloud computing curriculum designed for technologists and non-technical users alike.
The mission is to build widespread knowledge about the cloud revolution and encourage discussion
about the cloud’s benefits for businesses of all sizes. Read more CloudU whitepapers and register for
upcoming webinars at www.rackspace.com/cloud/cloudu




                                                      Sponsored By:
Table of Contents
Executive Summary                                                      2
A Virtual Tour of a Data Center                                        3
The Vision and Economics of IaaS                                       4
The Building Blocks of IaaS                                            6
 Compute                                                                6
   The Foundations of Cloud Compute: Hypervisors and Virtualization     7
   The Choice Is Yours: Operating Systems in the Cloud                  7
   The Choice Is Yours: RAM                                             7
   The Choice Is Yours: Disk                                            8

 Storage                                                                9
   Cloud Storage                                                        9
   Content Delivery Networks                                            9

 Network                                                               10
   Switching and Routing                                               10
   Domain Name System                                                  11
   Load Balancing                                                      11

 Database                                                              12
 Monitoring and Autoscale                                              13
   Monitoring                                                          13
   Autoscale                                                           13

Case Study: IaaS Helps KarmaCRM Start-Up                              14
Different Delivery Models for IaaS                                    15
 Public Cloud                                                          15
 Private Cloud                                                         15
 Virtual Private Clouds                                                16
 Cloud Bursting                                                        16
Summary                                                               17
Appendix: Key Components of Data Center Reliability                   18
 Physical Security                                                     18
 Precision Environment                                                 18
 Conditioned Power                                                     18
 Core Routing Equipment                                                19
 Network Technicians                                                   19
About Diversity Analysis                                              20
About Rackspace                                                       21
About the author                                                      21
 Ben Kepes                                                             21



   Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	   1
   © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Executive Summary
                 As IT increases in complexity each year, many small and medium businesses have little
                 or no understanding of what a move to Cloud Computing really means in terms of
                 underlying technology. While we contend that one of the core benefits of the Cloud is
                 that it enables users to forget about technology and concentrate on their core business,
                 this lack of information can create doubts about the value of moving to the Cloud.

                 Many of these fears have been created by traditional vendors wishing to cast doubt on
                 the ability of Cloud Computing to provide a truly robust and secure level of service. To
                 this end we have written this whitepaper to give a moderately technical look at what
                 goes into an Infrastructure as a Service offering.

                 In this report we start by taking a virtual tour of a modern data center to explain the
                 robust, and expensive, features they contain. We then look at some specific services
                 that make up Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offerings, services which enable end
                 users to leverage the benefits of world-class data centers without the expense and
                 complexity of maintenance. Finally, a variety of IaaS delivery models are discussed,
                 from public cloud, to private and virtual private clouds, to cloud busting.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                 2
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
A Virtual Tour of a Data Center 
                 Data centers are exceedingly complex and expensive projects to build and maintain.
                 The level of sophistication of a modern data center is far in excess of what most
                 standalone organizations could afford to build. From physical security to multiple
                 redundant power supplies, modern data centers leave no stone unturned. It is
                 important for users of IaaS to have a basic understanding of what goes into a modern
                 data center in order to understand the financial impact of following an on-premises
                 strategy, especially when the goal is uptime and security that matches the major Cloud
                 Computing providers.

                 The diagram below details the multiple features that go into building a modern data
                 center.




                 A detailed list of some of the important features of a modern data center are available
                 in the appendix to this paper. The main point is that these myriad features together
                 create infrastructure that is secure and reliable, but also complex and expensive for an
                 individual business to maintain. With an overview of how a data center is built, we will
                 now look at the economics that make IaaS so persuasive.

Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                              3
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
The Vision and Economics of IaaS
                  The vision of IaaS is that all the benefits of world-class data centers are available,
                  on demand, to end users using a pay-as-you go model. IaaS vendors aim to offer
                  customers the ability to acquire every aspect of infrastructure, as a service, offering a
                  shift from massive capital expenditure and inflexible design decisions to IT that is far
                  more flexible, elastic and modular. This model provides significant benefits, many of
                  which are created via the economics of Cloud Computing.

                  Previously we published a CloudU report [1] that took an in-depth look at the
                  economics of Cloud Computing. As described in detail in Cloudonomics: the
                  Economics of Cloud Computing[2], under traditional IT models, organizations built
                  their own IT infrastructure. This introduced two specific problems, the first of which
                  relates to capacity planning. The capacity planning problem was created because of
                  the fact that organizations had to spend significant time estimating potential peak
                  loads for their data center and purchasing sufficient hardware to handle these loads.
                  As the diagram below illustrates, this either left them with excess capacity that was
                  under-utilized or, even worse, left them with demand beyond the capacity of their
                  infrastructure which led to service degradation.

                  The purple line, closely following actual demand, shows the benefits of Cloud
                  Computing infrastructure to scale up and down readily along with actual demand.




                  Capacity vs. Utilization curves [3]

                  The second economic problem created by utilizing internal infrastructure is that
                  it required large-scale capital expenditure. This tends to significantly extend the
                  decision-making process as capital is limited and any asset purchases need to be
                  highly justified.

Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                    4
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
One of the core tenets of Cloud Computing is that it is a recurring expenditure
                 model and, as we detailed in a previous report [4], is much like telephone or electricity
                 expenditure in that it is accounted for as a standard operating expense. Just as
                 organizations don’t expect to have to invest capital in providing themselves with the
                 ongoing use of telephone lines, this expectation holds true for IT infrastructure also.

                 With an understanding of the economics that make Cloud infrastructure so
                 compelling, we will move on to an explanation of the different services that typically
                 make up an IaaS offering.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                   5
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
The Building Blocks of IaaS
                 In a previous CloudU report [5], IaaS was defined as

                      a way of delivering Cloud Computing infrastructure – servers, storage, network and
                      operating systems – as an on-demand service. Rather than purchasing servers, software,
                      data center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully
                      outsourced service on demand

                 IaaS is essentially a set of building blocks that end users leverage to accomplish
                 their IT goals. While the lines between IaaS, PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS
                 (Software as a Service) are blurring [6], typically IaaS is considered to be made of up

                      •	 Compute

                      •	 Storage

                      •	 Network

                      •	 Database

                      •	 Monitoring and Autoscale

                 While it is possible to purchase a complete IaaS offering without thinking about the
                 component parts that go to make it up, adopting a more modular approach will help to
                 ensure a solution that is tailored for the unique requirements of the organization. To
                 achieve this aim requires an understanding of these discrete parts. Let’s look at each in
                 turn.


                 Compute
                 Compute is the most fundamental aspect of IaaS; it is the ability to make use of
                 physical servers lying in a data center somewhere, on demand. The primary aspects
                 of compute are really not that much different from the features of servers that many
                 of us are familiar with: operating systems, RAM and disk. There are two components,
                 however, that between them make up the one key difference between compute in the
                 Cloud and compute in a traditional IT environment: the hypervisor and virtualization.
                 And while the typical end user will never interact with the hypervisor, it is useful to
                 begin the discussion of compute with a brief overview of this powerful software.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                     6
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
The Foundations of Cloud Compute: Hypervisors and Virtualization
                 A hypervisor is a software component that allows multiple operating systems to run
                 concurrently on a single server. The hypervisor is the tool that allows virtualization to
                 occur. As we detailed in the first CloudU whitepaper [7];

                      Virtualization was developed to overcome the limitations of physical hardware as it
                      enables multiple pseudo-servers to be run on one physical device. This division of a single
                      physical server into multiple “virtual” servers containing multiple sets of segregated data
                      is the backbone of Cloud Computing, as it allows for far greater flexibility and resource
                      utilization.

                 When multiple users are using the same physical server, it is the hypervisor that
                 guarantees that RAM and disk options selected at server provisioning are respected
                 and no single customer monopolizes server resources. With this basic understanding
                 of virtualization, let’s look at the components of compute that are important to end
                 users.

                 The Choice Is Yours: Operating Systems in the Cloud
                 When moving to the Cloud, one of the most basic questions that vendors will ask
                 is which operating system do you want to use. Typically, most Cloud Computing
                 vendors will offer a wide variety of operating systems to choose from, including
                 multiple distributions of Windows and Linux. Since different operating systems are
                 better for some tasks than others, choosing an operating system is a matter of personal
                 preference based on the application being run. If a specific distribution of, say, Linux
                 is a requirement for an important business application you are running, check with
                 Cloud Computing vendors to ensure that it is available.

                 The Choice Is Yours: RAM
                 Frequently, Cloud Computing vendors will talk about the size of a slice. Not a pizza
                 reference, this jargon speaks to the amount of random-access memory (RAM)
                 included with a virtual server. Is it 256MB or 16 GB? These quantities of RAM are the
                 “size” of the “slice” or virtual server. Like choosing an operating system, choosing the
                 amount of RAM for a server should be based on the application being run. A complex
                 SQL database might, for instance, require more RAM than a single static webpage.
                 In general, one should pick the smallest server size capable of running the job. In
                 the case of heavier than expected demand, the beauty of Cloud computing is that
                 additional identical servers can be added instantly to handle the load.


Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                          7
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
The Choice Is Yours: Disk
                 When you bought your last computer, it might have come with 2 or 4 GB of RAM, and
                 160 GB of storage. This storage is commonly referred to as disk. It is the amount of
                 storage that is available locally on the computer, without utilizing an external storage
                 mechanism like an external hard drive. When purchasing a virtual server from a
                 Cloud Computing vendor, a certain amount of disk is also available. When loading
                 applications onto the server, this disk is consumed, as it is when storing things like
                 documents in the case of a file server. Like choosing an Operating System and RAM,
                 consideration should be given to storage needs when deciding how much disk is
                 required.

                 While storage on the local server disk is considered a part of compute, there is a lot
                 more to storage in the Cloud and that is where we will turn now.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                8
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Storage
                 IaaS storage has several components that work together to ensure safe, reliable and
                 readily accessible data. There are also mechanisms related to the delivery of that data
                 that are worth exploring.

                      Cloud Storage
                      Using Cloud storage, data is stored on multiple virtual servers among large storage
                      pools provided by Cloud Computing vendors. Using Cloud storage, customers
                      can expect that their data may physically span across multiple servers but that
                      redundancy and failover will ensure that, in the event of a failure, data will
                      continue to exist via automatic processes at the Cloud vendor’s end.

                      Storage, apart from disk discussed above, can either be in block-based protocols
                      or, alternatively, adopt a file-based approach. These two approaches can be
                      summarized as follows;

                      Block-level storage is analogous to an external hard drive attached to a PC. In this
                      case however the hard drive is virtual and it is mounted against a server instance.
                      This instance then utilises the block as an individual drive for storing data that
                      may be used for many applications – file storage and database storage being
                      two examples. Block-level storage is extremely flexible, but is more complex to
                      administer than file-level storage

                      File-level storage by contrast is used to store individual files where it is not
                      necessary to mount a storage “block” directly to the virtual server. File-level
                      storage tends to be simpler than block-level storage and is useful as a simple, bulk
                      store for raw files such as images, videos, music files, JavaScript and CSS

                      In addition. reputable Cloud storage vendors allow customers to access their
                      storage via an Application Programming Interface (API) meaning that processes
                      such as backups, replication, and disaster recovery can be automated without
                      resorting to manual processes.

                      Content Delivery Networks
                      Storing an object is one thing, but delivering it around the world at lightning
                      fast speed is another. While not always a part of a Cloud Computing provider’s
                      capabilities, a Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a capability that end users
                      delivering a lot of images, videos and even JavaScript or CSS for websites should
                      seriously consider. A Content Delivery Network is a system of geographically

Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                   9
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
dispersed servers containing multiple copies of data. These servers are placed at
                      various points in a network across the globe so as to minimize the distance-to-data
                      for particular customers. With a move to offsite infrastructure, a CDN helps to
                      reduce any speed impact caused by increased distance between users and the data
                      they wish to access.

                      To illustrate the value of a CDN take, for example, the case of an ecommerce
                      website hosted in the United States with most website visitors also located in
                      the United States. The time that it takes the product catalogue images to load is
                      probably quite fast, since the server and those accessing it are both located in the
                      same general geography. What would happen, however, if the products suddenly
                      became popular in China, or South Africa? The time to download the product
                      images from the US based server would increase for these global visitors. CDN’s
                      solve this problem by taking image files and putting them on servers all over the
                      world. Then, when a request for that images comes in, the CDN serves it from the
                      location closest to the requestor. The webmaster need only upload the image to
                      one place, their server, and the CDN takes care of the rest, distributing the file all
                      over the world for optimal performance. By utilizing a CDN, Cloud vendors solve
                      some of the issues created by a move to centralized infrastructure.

                      While storage and delivery are a critically important part of Cloud Computing, it
                      is the next section, the network itself, which ensures information travels between
                      points quickly and efficiently.


                 Network
                 Under traditional models, organizations had to invest not only in the hardware
                 and software to run their data centers, but also in a significant level of network
                 components to tie the servers together, and tie those combined servers to the Internet.
                 In this section we look at the component parts that make up the network aspects of
                 IaaS.

                      Switching and Routing
                      Switching and routing are two critical components of data transfer. Switching
                      refers to the grouping of all data - regardless of its content, type or inherent
                      structure - into individual “packets” which are then queued, ready to be sent over
                      the network.

                      Routing, on the other hand, refers to the process of determining which particular


Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                10
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
path along the network individual packets will be transferred.

                      IaaS vendors invest significant sums in buying the most advanced switching and
                      routing technology available, in order to maximize the throughput and quality of
                      data transfer across their networks. For an individual organization, the cost and
                      stress of worrying about such technicalities is counter-productive and expensive.

                      Domain Name System
                      Domain Name System or DNS refers to the hierarchical naming system that
                      is used to identify every entity connected to the Internet. All resources on the
                      Internet are assigned a DNS and these codes are translated to addresses that
                      are meaningful to users. DNS is analogous to a phone book in that assigns a
                      particular name (for example www.diversity.net.nz) with a numerical identifier
                      (210.48.108.35).

                      Cloud DNS services give organizations the ability to programmatically manage all
                      aspects of DNS, for example the creation, updating, and deletion of different kinds
                      of DNS records. DNS is a very important piece of a complete Cloud stack.

                      Load Balancing
                      Load balancing, as the name implies, is a technique that allows workloads to be
                      distributed across multiple resources. The aim of load balancing is to optimize
                      utilization and throughput while reducing the response time. Setting up a load
                      balanced environment is possible using only code and Cloud servers but it
                      can be more complex than many businesses want to take on. For this reason,
                      some IaaS providers offer load balancing as a service (LBaaS). While the details
                      differ between vendors, LBaaS gives one the ability to share workloads between
                      various servers. Some vendors even offer the ability to set up specific types of
                      load balancing algorithms particular to customer requirements. Since so much
                      variation exists in the market for this service, with some vendors not offering it
                      at all, it is important for prospective users of IaaS to understand their needs and
                      ensure they’re signing up to a service that meets their expectations.

                      We have seen how compute, storage and network work together to provide
                      computing resources, but there is another common building block that we have
                      not yet examined: the database.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                  11
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Database
                 Cloud databases provide a readily scalable and easily configured method for
                 organizations to create, store, and access their data. As with other parts of Cloud
                 Computing, this model alleviates the need for organizations to purchase expensive
                 hardware and software, deal with software upgrades, and hire professionals for
                 administrative and maintenance tasks which are taken over by the service provider.

                 Database as a Service gives the ability to create an instance of a database that can be
                 used as yet another building block of infrastructure. By combining a database with
                 other requisite modules (load balancers, object stores, etc.), organizations can create
                 an infrastructure “bundle” that is specifically tailored for their needs.

                 With all of these components in place, Cloud infrastructure relies on advanced
                 monitoring and the ability to scale automatically to meet the ever-changing demand
                 profiles of users. It is these two areas that we will now discuss.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                 12
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Monitoring and Autoscale
                 IaaS frequently includes monitoring and autoscaling capabilities to give visibility over
                 system performance, and ensure that performance meets demand.

                      Monitoring
                      Many organizations fear a move to Cloud Computing because they perceive it will
                      leave them ignorant of the performance of their infrastructure. To address these
                      fears, most reputable Cloud Computing vendors include some level of monitoring
                      as part of their core offering, so that end users can assess uptime, performance,
                      throughput and other relevant measures. For more sophisticated needs, SaaS-
                      based monitoring solutions exist which give even finer control over Cloud
                      monitoring.

                      Autoscale
                      Given that Cloud Computing providers are utilizing massive data centers, they
                      have the ability to provide computing resources to individual customers practically
                      without limits. In order to enjoy this compelling quality, however, IaaS needs to be
                      designed to provide automatic scaling, within parameters that individual users can
                      set. For example, one user may want to scale their application regardless ofhow
                      many resources it is utilizing, while another may wish to set limits as to how far
                      their infrastructure can scale. Tools to automate this scaling are quickly becoming
                      a core feature of IaaS offerings.

                      A modern data center can be seen as a highly complex amalgam of multiple
                      component parts covering different areas:

                                •	 Compute

                                •	 Storage

                                •	 Network

                                •	 Database

                                •	 Monitoring and Autoscale

                      By combining services across all of these areas, organizations can obtain an IaaS
                      setup uniquely tailored to their individual needs. There are multiple methods for
                      delivering IaaS, however, and it is to these methods we now look.



Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                13
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Case Study: IaaS Helps KarmaCRM Start-Up
KarmaCRM [8] is a customer relationship management application for SMBs. A recent startup,
Karma had no legacy technology choices to take into account when determining its infrastructure
set-up. This freedom gave them the ability to cherry-pick the very best options for the situation.

Founded by John Paul Narowski, a veteran of other CRM vendors, KarmaCRM makes extensive
use of Cloud Computing for all parts of its operation. Narowski points out that by utilizing Cloud
Computing, KarmaCRM can

    focus on developing and growing our company. By leveraging cloud offerings we gain access to a wealth of
    services that we couldn’t afford to create or manage in-house. In the IT world, it’s far too easy to fall into
    the trap of doing everything in-house, and waste your IT talent managing mail servers instead of growing
    your business.

KarmaCRM uses a number of different IaaS building blocks including compute, storage, database,
and monitoring to run their business. By using infrastructure elements provided by the third
parties, Karma has managed to build a service level far in excess of what it would have otherwise
been able to afford. Particular services that Karma utilizes include:

     •	 Compute: Virtual Linux servers for applications, database, and staging environments

     •	   Storage: File-level Cloud storage for daily server backups

     •	 Monitoring: Cloud monitoring to cover CPU/Memory usage as well as automate server
        provisioning

One of the benefits that Narowski sees from using IaaS is the ability to have redundant solutions.
KarmaCRM is able to obtain a fully redundant infrastructure set-up with world-class levels of
security solutions and the most current solutions available, all for a few dollars a month.

As a new business, Narowski also enjoys the fact that the more technical parts of infrastructure,
such as load balancing and DNS, are taken care of by their Cloud Computing vendor.




 Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                          14
 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Different Delivery Models for IaaS
                 Having examined the common building blocks of IaaS, we can look now at several
                 different approaches towards delivering infrastructure as a service. These approaches
                 can be divided into public, private and hybrid infrastructure. It is important for
                 organizations to understand the difference between these three approaches.


                 Public Cloud
                 Public Cloud is considered infrastructure that consists of shared resources,
                 deployed on a self-service basis over the Internet. The benefit of Public Cloud is
                 that organizations are taking advantage of the highest levels of efficiency as Public
                 Cloud pools and averages a huge number of different users, all with varying usage
                 patterns. This creates a smoothing effect that results in the highest levels of efficiency
                 as infrastructure costs are spread out among many users. Another benefit of Public
                 Cloud is that it creates almost limitless scaling opportunities. Public Cloud vendors
                 have such massive pools of resources that there are few situations in which Public
                 Clouds cannot handle the scaling requirements that users may have.


                 Private Cloud
                 By contrast, Private Cloud is infrastructure that emulates Cloud Computing but does
                 so on a private network. Where a Private Cloud approach is taken, organizations may
                 use either their own hardware or the hardware of a third party. However, in both cases
                 the hardware is dedicated to their own use and there is no sharing of infrastructure
                 between users. It has been argued [9] that Private Clouds remove the very attributes
                 that make Cloud Computing compelling – sharing, multi-tenancy and massive
                 scalability. Many vendors are simply pushing organizations to traditional virtualization
                 products, and calling it Cloud. While it is true that virtualization brings significant
                 benefits to organizations, these benefits are much less than those bought by true
                 Cloud Computing in many cases.

                 The third category of IaaS is Hybrid Clouds. Hybrid Clouds fall into two distinct
                 categories.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                15
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Virtual Private Clouds
                 Virtual Private Clouds are created when Public Cloud vendors fence a part of their
                 own Cloud infrastructure to provide specifically for a single customer. This virtual
                 private approach has several attendant benefits – it answers some of the concerns that
                 organizations raise with regards to sharing hardware with other organizations. At the
                 same time, it still offers the ability to scale automatically and at very short notice.


                 Cloud Bursting
                 Cloud bursting can be seen as a combination of traditional dedicated hosting
                 alongside Public Cloud networks. Using Cloud bursting, an organization will continue
                 to use their own infrastructure for their regular needs, while any peak events will be
                 automatically passed through to the Public Cloud provider. Cloud bursting brings
                 several real benefits: it allows organizations to continue utilizing infrastructure they
                 already own, while realizing some of the scale benefits of the Cloud.

                 While Cloud bursting introduces some issue in terms of management and governance,
                 a number of tools now exist to automate the connection and management of a
                 combined on-premises/external Cloud approach towards infrastructure.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                             16
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Summary
                 Modern data centers are incredibly complex operations that include high technology
                 in all parts of their operations – from physical environment to data storage to network
                 delivery. Building a modern data center is an expensive project and one that is difficult
                 to justify while mature Cloud Computing alternatives exist.

                 IaaS is a term that covers a range of services, which should be thought of as individual
                 building blocks – while it is possible for organizations to purchase IaaS services as a
                 complete offering, many will have a need to pick specific offerings depending on their
                 needs and usage patterns.

                 While IaaS certainly removes significant maintenance and administration from end
                 users, it still requires those users to have an understanding of the component parts of
                 a data center so that they can make informed decisions when sourcing and assessing
                 alternatives.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                              17
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Appendix: Key Components of Data Center Reliability
                 Physical Security
                       •	 Security of the building - Keycard protocols, biometric scanning protocols
                          and round-the-clock interior and exterior surveillance should be a standard
                          monitoring procedure for data centers

                       •	 Authorization of personnel - Only authorized data center personnel should
                          be granted access credentials to data centers

                       •	 Background checking - Every potential data center employee should undergo
                          multiple and thorough background security checks before they’re hired


                 Precision Environment
                       •	 HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) systems should have
                          redundancy built in. This ensures that a duplicate system immediately comes
                          online should there be an HVAC system failure.

                       •	 Data centers should include systems to regularly circulate and filter supply air

                       •	 Data centers should have advanced fire suppression systems which not only
                          detect and extinguish fires, but provide cutover to alternative infrastructure in
                          the event of a fire


                 Conditioned Power
                       •	 Data centers should have power systems that are designed to run
                          uninterrupted via Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPSs) and backup
                          generators

                       •	 These emergency power systems should have their own redundant systems to
                          ensure supply in the event of a backup system failure




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                               18
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
Core Routing Equipment
                      •	 Data centers should utilize routing equipment with fully redundant systems

                      •	 Data centers should have multiple fibre optic connections to multiple service
                         providers


                 Network Technicians
                      •	 All technicians working within the data center should be certified by a third
                         party certification organization up to, or above, the level at which they work

                      •	 Technicians should be available 24xx365 in case there is an emergency
                         requiring the attention of skilled IT professionals.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                                19
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
About Diversity Analysis
                  Diversity Analysis is a broad spectrum consultancy specializing in SaaS, Cloud
                  Computing and business strategy. Our research focuses on the trends in these areas
                  with greater emphasis on technology, business strategies, mergers and acquisitions.
                  The extensive experience of our analysts in the field and our closer interactions
                  with both vendors and users of these technologies puts us in a unique position to
                  understand their perspectives perfectly and, also, to offer our analysis to match their
                  needs. Our analysts take a deep dive into the latest technological developments in the
                  above mentioned areas. This, in turn, helps our clients stay ahead of the competition
                  by taking advantage of these newer technologies and, also, by understanding any
                  pitfalls they have to avoid.

                  Our Offerings: We offer both analysis and consultancy in the areas related to SaaS
                  and Cloud Computing. Our focus is on technology, business strategy, mergers and
                  acquisitions. Our methodology is structured as follows:

                       •	 Research Alerts

                       •	 Research Briefings

                       •	 Whitepapers

                       •	 Case Studies

                  We also participate in various conferences and are available for vendor briefings
                  through Telephone and/or Voice Over IP.




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                             20
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
About Rackspace
                                        Rackspace Hosting is the world’s leading specialist in hosting and
                                        Cloud Computing. The San Antonio-based company provides
                                        Fanatical Support® to its customers, across a portfolio of IT
                                        services, including Managed Hosting and Cloud Computing.
                                        Rackspace is also the founder of OpenStack™, an open source
                                        Cloud platform with broad industry support, designed to offer
                                        Cloud consumers greater choice. For more information, visit
                                        www.rackspace.com.


                                        About the author
                                        Ben Kepes
                                        Ben is the founder and managing director of Diversity
                                        Limited, a consultancy specializing in Cloud Computing/SaaS,
                                        Collaboration, Business strategy and user-centric design. More
                                        information on Ben and Diversity Limited can be found at http://
                                        diversity.net.nz




Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                               21
© Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
1. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Cloudonomics-The_Economics_of_
Cloud_Computing.pdf


2. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Cloudonomics-The_Economics_of_
Cloud_Computing.pdf


3. http://www.chades.net/


4. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Revolution_Not_Evolution-
Whitepaper.pdf


5. Understanding the Cloud Computing Stack http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/
whitepapers/Understanding-the-Cloud-Computing-Stack.pdf


6. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Understanding-the-Cloud-
Computing-Stack.pdf


7. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Revolution_Not_Evolution-
Whitepaper.pdf


8. http://www.karmacrm.com/


9. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/when-will-the-crowd-turn-against-private-Cloud/973




    Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive	                   22
    © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted

More Related Content

What's hot

Data Centers: The Pillars of Digital Economy
Data Centers: The Pillars of Digital EconomyData Centers: The Pillars of Digital Economy
Data Centers: The Pillars of Digital EconomyHTS Hosting
 
Transceiver – How They Help Support Big Data in Data Centers?
 Transceiver – How They Help Support Big Data in Data Centers? Transceiver – How They Help Support Big Data in Data Centers?
Transceiver – How They Help Support Big Data in Data Centers?Fern Xu
 
Intel Data Center Manager
Intel Data Center ManagerIntel Data Center Manager
Intel Data Center ManagerDESMOND YUEN
 
Changing Landscape of Data Centers
Changing Landscape of Data CentersChanging Landscape of Data Centers
Changing Landscape of Data CentersSuhas Kelkar
 
How e fpga future proofs data centers
How e fpga future proofs data centersHow e fpga future proofs data centers
How e fpga future proofs data centersdonnabrown085
 
Do you know virtual data center
Do you know virtual data centerDo you know virtual data center
Do you know virtual data centerMonica Geller
 
Which New Jersey Data Centers Embrace Managed Services? (SlideShare)
Which New Jersey Data Centers Embrace Managed Services? (SlideShare)Which New Jersey Data Centers Embrace Managed Services? (SlideShare)
Which New Jersey Data Centers Embrace Managed Services? (SlideShare)SP Home Run Inc.
 
Compliance policies and procedures followed in data centers
Compliance policies and procedures followed in data centersCompliance policies and procedures followed in data centers
Compliance policies and procedures followed in data centersLivin Jose
 
Comparing Software Defined Data Centers vs. Traditional Data Centers (SlideSh...
Comparing Software Defined Data Centers vs. Traditional Data Centers (SlideSh...Comparing Software Defined Data Centers vs. Traditional Data Centers (SlideSh...
Comparing Software Defined Data Centers vs. Traditional Data Centers (SlideSh...SP Home Run Inc.
 
Do Carrier Neutral Data Centers Really Reduce Costs? (SlideShare)
Do Carrier Neutral Data Centers Really Reduce Costs? (SlideShare)Do Carrier Neutral Data Centers Really Reduce Costs? (SlideShare)
Do Carrier Neutral Data Centers Really Reduce Costs? (SlideShare)SP Home Run Inc.
 
Data center virtualization
Data center virtualizationData center virtualization
Data center virtualizationmazin Salih
 
Logicalis Data Center Solutions
Logicalis Data Center SolutionsLogicalis Data Center Solutions
Logicalis Data Center SolutionsLogicalisUS
 
KVH Data Center Solutions
KVH Data Center SolutionsKVH Data Center Solutions
KVH Data Center SolutionsKVH Co. Ltd.
 
Improving Datacenter Performance through Capacity Planning – Netmagic
Improving Datacenter Performance through Capacity Planning – NetmagicImproving Datacenter Performance through Capacity Planning – Netmagic
Improving Datacenter Performance through Capacity Planning – NetmagicNetmagic Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
 
Data center architure ppts
Data center architure pptsData center architure ppts
Data center architure pptsRajuPrasad33
 
The Importance of Data Centers
The Importance of Data CentersThe Importance of Data Centers
The Importance of Data CentersSalesQuest
 
Logicalis - Data Centre Overview
Logicalis - Data Centre OverviewLogicalis - Data Centre Overview
Logicalis - Data Centre OverviewLogicalis
 

What's hot (20)

Data Centers: The Pillars of Digital Economy
Data Centers: The Pillars of Digital EconomyData Centers: The Pillars of Digital Economy
Data Centers: The Pillars of Digital Economy
 
Transceiver – How They Help Support Big Data in Data Centers?
 Transceiver – How They Help Support Big Data in Data Centers? Transceiver – How They Help Support Big Data in Data Centers?
Transceiver – How They Help Support Big Data in Data Centers?
 
Intel Data Center Manager
Intel Data Center ManagerIntel Data Center Manager
Intel Data Center Manager
 
Changing Landscape of Data Centers
Changing Landscape of Data CentersChanging Landscape of Data Centers
Changing Landscape of Data Centers
 
Data Center Automation - Cisco ASAP Data Center
Data Center Automation - Cisco ASAP Data CenterData Center Automation - Cisco ASAP Data Center
Data Center Automation - Cisco ASAP Data Center
 
How e fpga future proofs data centers
How e fpga future proofs data centersHow e fpga future proofs data centers
How e fpga future proofs data centers
 
Do you know virtual data center
Do you know virtual data centerDo you know virtual data center
Do you know virtual data center
 
Which New Jersey Data Centers Embrace Managed Services? (SlideShare)
Which New Jersey Data Centers Embrace Managed Services? (SlideShare)Which New Jersey Data Centers Embrace Managed Services? (SlideShare)
Which New Jersey Data Centers Embrace Managed Services? (SlideShare)
 
Compliance policies and procedures followed in data centers
Compliance policies and procedures followed in data centersCompliance policies and procedures followed in data centers
Compliance policies and procedures followed in data centers
 
Comparing Software Defined Data Centers vs. Traditional Data Centers (SlideSh...
Comparing Software Defined Data Centers vs. Traditional Data Centers (SlideSh...Comparing Software Defined Data Centers vs. Traditional Data Centers (SlideSh...
Comparing Software Defined Data Centers vs. Traditional Data Centers (SlideSh...
 
Do Carrier Neutral Data Centers Really Reduce Costs? (SlideShare)
Do Carrier Neutral Data Centers Really Reduce Costs? (SlideShare)Do Carrier Neutral Data Centers Really Reduce Costs? (SlideShare)
Do Carrier Neutral Data Centers Really Reduce Costs? (SlideShare)
 
Data center virtualization
Data center virtualizationData center virtualization
Data center virtualization
 
Logicalis Data Center Solutions
Logicalis Data Center SolutionsLogicalis Data Center Solutions
Logicalis Data Center Solutions
 
KVH Data Center Solutions
KVH Data Center SolutionsKVH Data Center Solutions
KVH Data Center Solutions
 
Improving Datacenter Performance through Capacity Planning – Netmagic
Improving Datacenter Performance through Capacity Planning – NetmagicImproving Datacenter Performance through Capacity Planning – Netmagic
Improving Datacenter Performance through Capacity Planning – Netmagic
 
Data centers
Data centersData centers
Data centers
 
Cloud based-data centers
Cloud based-data centersCloud based-data centers
Cloud based-data centers
 
Data center architure ppts
Data center architure pptsData center architure ppts
Data center architure ppts
 
The Importance of Data Centers
The Importance of Data CentersThe Importance of Data Centers
The Importance of Data Centers
 
Logicalis - Data Centre Overview
Logicalis - Data Centre OverviewLogicalis - Data Centre Overview
Logicalis - Data Centre Overview
 

Viewers also liked

Open stack presentation
Open stack presentationOpen stack presentation
Open stack presentationFrikha Nour
 
Build A Better Way to Deliver IT
Build A Better Way to Deliver ITBuild A Better Way to Deliver IT
Build A Better Way to Deliver ITRackspace
 
Solving The Open Stack Talent Gap
Solving The Open Stack Talent GapSolving The Open Stack Talent Gap
Solving The Open Stack Talent GapRackspace
 
An approach for migrating enterprise apps into open stack
An approach for migrating enterprise apps into open stackAn approach for migrating enterprise apps into open stack
An approach for migrating enterprise apps into open stackArthur Berezin
 
Defining an Open IoT Stack - Presented at IoT World 2015
Defining an Open IoT Stack - Presented at IoT World 2015Defining an Open IoT Stack - Presented at IoT World 2015
Defining an Open IoT Stack - Presented at IoT World 2015Ian Skerrett
 
Open Stack vs .NET Stack - For Startups
Open Stack vs .NET Stack - For StartupsOpen Stack vs .NET Stack - For Startups
Open Stack vs .NET Stack - For StartupsBryan Starbuck
 
Hybrid Cloud with IBM Bluemix, Docker and Open Stack
Hybrid Cloud with IBM Bluemix, Docker and Open StackHybrid Cloud with IBM Bluemix, Docker and Open Stack
Hybrid Cloud with IBM Bluemix, Docker and Open Stackgjuljo
 
difference between hub, bridge, switch and router
difference between hub, bridge, switch and routerdifference between hub, bridge, switch and router
difference between hub, bridge, switch and routerAkmal Cikmat
 
Network Hardware And Software
Network Hardware And SoftwareNetwork Hardware And Software
Network Hardware And SoftwareSteven Cahill
 
Networking devices
Networking devicesNetworking devices
Networking devicesrupinderj
 
Basic concepts of computer Networking
Basic concepts of computer NetworkingBasic concepts of computer Networking
Basic concepts of computer NetworkingHj Habib
 
Introduction to computer network
Introduction to computer networkIntroduction to computer network
Introduction to computer networkAshita Agrawal
 
Computer networking devices
Computer networking devicesComputer networking devices
Computer networking devicesRajesh Sadhukha
 
BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS Kak Yong
 

Viewers also liked (16)

Open stack presentation
Open stack presentationOpen stack presentation
Open stack presentation
 
Build A Better Way to Deliver IT
Build A Better Way to Deliver ITBuild A Better Way to Deliver IT
Build A Better Way to Deliver IT
 
Solving The Open Stack Talent Gap
Solving The Open Stack Talent GapSolving The Open Stack Talent Gap
Solving The Open Stack Talent Gap
 
An approach for migrating enterprise apps into open stack
An approach for migrating enterprise apps into open stackAn approach for migrating enterprise apps into open stack
An approach for migrating enterprise apps into open stack
 
Defining an Open IoT Stack - Presented at IoT World 2015
Defining an Open IoT Stack - Presented at IoT World 2015Defining an Open IoT Stack - Presented at IoT World 2015
Defining an Open IoT Stack - Presented at IoT World 2015
 
Open Stack vs .NET Stack - For Startups
Open Stack vs .NET Stack - For StartupsOpen Stack vs .NET Stack - For Startups
Open Stack vs .NET Stack - For Startups
 
IBM Containers- Bluemix
IBM Containers- BluemixIBM Containers- Bluemix
IBM Containers- Bluemix
 
Hybrid Cloud with IBM Bluemix, Docker and Open Stack
Hybrid Cloud with IBM Bluemix, Docker and Open StackHybrid Cloud with IBM Bluemix, Docker and Open Stack
Hybrid Cloud with IBM Bluemix, Docker and Open Stack
 
difference between hub, bridge, switch and router
difference between hub, bridge, switch and routerdifference between hub, bridge, switch and router
difference between hub, bridge, switch and router
 
Network Hardware And Software
Network Hardware And SoftwareNetwork Hardware And Software
Network Hardware And Software
 
Networking devices
Networking devicesNetworking devices
Networking devices
 
Networking
NetworkingNetworking
Networking
 
Basic concepts of computer Networking
Basic concepts of computer NetworkingBasic concepts of computer Networking
Basic concepts of computer Networking
 
Introduction to computer network
Introduction to computer networkIntroduction to computer network
Introduction to computer network
 
Computer networking devices
Computer networking devicesComputer networking devices
Computer networking devices
 
BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
 

Similar to Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers

CoreSite: The Data Center as the On-Ramp to Cloud Enablement
CoreSite: The Data Center as the On-Ramp to Cloud EnablementCoreSite: The Data Center as the On-Ramp to Cloud Enablement
CoreSite: The Data Center as the On-Ramp to Cloud EnablementRightScale
 
Cloud deep-dive0212
Cloud deep-dive0212Cloud deep-dive0212
Cloud deep-dive0212Accenture
 
Cloud Computing: On the Air or Down to Earth - Beneficios para la Empresa
Cloud Computing: On the Air or Down to Earth - Beneficios para la EmpresaCloud Computing: On the Air or Down to Earth - Beneficios para la Empresa
Cloud Computing: On the Air or Down to Earth - Beneficios para la EmpresaSoftware Guru
 
Architecting High Availability Linux Environments within the Rackspace Cloud
Architecting High Availability Linux Environments within the Rackspace CloudArchitecting High Availability Linux Environments within the Rackspace Cloud
Architecting High Availability Linux Environments within the Rackspace CloudRackspace
 
Accenture 6 questions_executives_should_ask_about_cloud_computing
Accenture 6 questions_executives_should_ask_about_cloud_computingAccenture 6 questions_executives_should_ask_about_cloud_computing
Accenture 6 questions_executives_should_ask_about_cloud_computingNgy Ea
 
Storage, Cloud, Web 2.0, Big Data Driving Growth
Storage, Cloud, Web 2.0, Big Data Driving GrowthStorage, Cloud, Web 2.0, Big Data Driving Growth
Storage, Cloud, Web 2.0, Big Data Driving GrowthMellanox Technologies
 
IIR Congres ICT & Recht - Cloud Computing - Peter de Haas - Microsoft - 20-04...
IIR Congres ICT & Recht - Cloud Computing - Peter de Haas - Microsoft - 20-04...IIR Congres ICT & Recht - Cloud Computing - Peter de Haas - Microsoft - 20-04...
IIR Congres ICT & Recht - Cloud Computing - Peter de Haas - Microsoft - 20-04...Peter de Haas
 
CloudAsia 2012 Highlights
CloudAsia 2012 HighlightsCloudAsia 2012 Highlights
CloudAsia 2012 HighlightsAlan Quayle
 
Basics of cloud computing & salesforce.com
Basics of cloud computing & salesforce.comBasics of cloud computing & salesforce.com
Basics of cloud computing & salesforce.comDeepu S Nath
 
Cloud Computing And Citrix C3 - July 2009
Cloud Computing And Citrix C3 - July 2009Cloud Computing And Citrix C3 - July 2009
Cloud Computing And Citrix C3 - July 2009Michael Harries
 
Cloud Computing - Jan 2011 - Chandna
Cloud Computing - Jan 2011 - ChandnaCloud Computing - Jan 2011 - Chandna
Cloud Computing - Jan 2011 - ChandnaAsheem Chandna
 
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2 indic threads cloud computing conferen...
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2   indic threads cloud computing conferen...Cloud lockin and interoperability v2   indic threads cloud computing conferen...
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2 indic threads cloud computing conferen...IndicThreads
 
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2 indic threads cloud computing conferen...
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2   indic threads cloud computing conferen...Cloud lockin and interoperability v2   indic threads cloud computing conferen...
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2 indic threads cloud computing conferen...IndicThreads
 
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud ComputingImplementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computingijccsa
 
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud ComputingImplementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computingneirew J
 
The Future of Cloud is Hybrid over Distance
The Future of Cloud is Hybrid over DistanceThe Future of Cloud is Hybrid over Distance
The Future of Cloud is Hybrid over DistanceRackspace
 
Vendor Landscape: Cloud IaaS
Vendor Landscape: Cloud IaaSVendor Landscape: Cloud IaaS
Vendor Landscape: Cloud IaaSOpSource
 
Widespread Cloud Adoption: What's Taking So Long?
Widespread Cloud Adoption: What's Taking So Long?Widespread Cloud Adoption: What's Taking So Long?
Widespread Cloud Adoption: What's Taking So Long?Cartesian (formerly CSMG)
 
Capacity Management in a Cloud Computing World
Capacity Management in a Cloud Computing WorldCapacity Management in a Cloud Computing World
Capacity Management in a Cloud Computing WorldDavid Linthicum
 

Similar to Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers (20)

CoreSite: The Data Center as the On-Ramp to Cloud Enablement
CoreSite: The Data Center as the On-Ramp to Cloud EnablementCoreSite: The Data Center as the On-Ramp to Cloud Enablement
CoreSite: The Data Center as the On-Ramp to Cloud Enablement
 
Cloud deep-dive0212
Cloud deep-dive0212Cloud deep-dive0212
Cloud deep-dive0212
 
Cloud Computing: On the Air or Down to Earth - Beneficios para la Empresa
Cloud Computing: On the Air or Down to Earth - Beneficios para la EmpresaCloud Computing: On the Air or Down to Earth - Beneficios para la Empresa
Cloud Computing: On the Air or Down to Earth - Beneficios para la Empresa
 
Architecting High Availability Linux Environments within the Rackspace Cloud
Architecting High Availability Linux Environments within the Rackspace CloudArchitecting High Availability Linux Environments within the Rackspace Cloud
Architecting High Availability Linux Environments within the Rackspace Cloud
 
Accenture 6 questions_executives_should_ask_about_cloud_computing
Accenture 6 questions_executives_should_ask_about_cloud_computingAccenture 6 questions_executives_should_ask_about_cloud_computing
Accenture 6 questions_executives_should_ask_about_cloud_computing
 
Storage, Cloud, Web 2.0, Big Data Driving Growth
Storage, Cloud, Web 2.0, Big Data Driving GrowthStorage, Cloud, Web 2.0, Big Data Driving Growth
Storage, Cloud, Web 2.0, Big Data Driving Growth
 
IIR Congres ICT & Recht - Cloud Computing - Peter de Haas - Microsoft - 20-04...
IIR Congres ICT & Recht - Cloud Computing - Peter de Haas - Microsoft - 20-04...IIR Congres ICT & Recht - Cloud Computing - Peter de Haas - Microsoft - 20-04...
IIR Congres ICT & Recht - Cloud Computing - Peter de Haas - Microsoft - 20-04...
 
CloudAsia 2012 Highlights
CloudAsia 2012 HighlightsCloudAsia 2012 Highlights
CloudAsia 2012 Highlights
 
Features of cloud
Features of cloudFeatures of cloud
Features of cloud
 
Basics of cloud computing & salesforce.com
Basics of cloud computing & salesforce.comBasics of cloud computing & salesforce.com
Basics of cloud computing & salesforce.com
 
Cloud Computing And Citrix C3 - July 2009
Cloud Computing And Citrix C3 - July 2009Cloud Computing And Citrix C3 - July 2009
Cloud Computing And Citrix C3 - July 2009
 
Cloud Computing - Jan 2011 - Chandna
Cloud Computing - Jan 2011 - ChandnaCloud Computing - Jan 2011 - Chandna
Cloud Computing - Jan 2011 - Chandna
 
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2 indic threads cloud computing conferen...
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2   indic threads cloud computing conferen...Cloud lockin and interoperability v2   indic threads cloud computing conferen...
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2 indic threads cloud computing conferen...
 
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2 indic threads cloud computing conferen...
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2   indic threads cloud computing conferen...Cloud lockin and interoperability v2   indic threads cloud computing conferen...
Cloud lockin and interoperability v2 indic threads cloud computing conferen...
 
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud ComputingImplementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
 
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud ComputingImplementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
Implementation of the Open Source Virtualization Technologies in Cloud Computing
 
The Future of Cloud is Hybrid over Distance
The Future of Cloud is Hybrid over DistanceThe Future of Cloud is Hybrid over Distance
The Future of Cloud is Hybrid over Distance
 
Vendor Landscape: Cloud IaaS
Vendor Landscape: Cloud IaaSVendor Landscape: Cloud IaaS
Vendor Landscape: Cloud IaaS
 
Widespread Cloud Adoption: What's Taking So Long?
Widespread Cloud Adoption: What's Taking So Long?Widespread Cloud Adoption: What's Taking So Long?
Widespread Cloud Adoption: What's Taking So Long?
 
Capacity Management in a Cloud Computing World
Capacity Management in a Cloud Computing WorldCapacity Management in a Cloud Computing World
Capacity Management in a Cloud Computing World
 

More from Rackspace

What Would You Do With More Time?
What Would You Do With More Time?What Would You Do With More Time?
What Would You Do With More Time?Rackspace
 
RMS Security Breakfast
RMS Security BreakfastRMS Security Breakfast
RMS Security BreakfastRackspace
 
6 Commonly Asked Questions from Customers Building on AWS
6 Commonly Asked Questions from Customers Building on AWS6 Commonly Asked Questions from Customers Building on AWS
6 Commonly Asked Questions from Customers Building on AWSRackspace
 
The Evolution of OpenStack – From Infancy to Enterprise
The Evolution of OpenStack – From Infancy to EnterpriseThe Evolution of OpenStack – From Infancy to Enterprise
The Evolution of OpenStack – From Infancy to EnterpriseRackspace
 
How Startups can leverage big data?
How Startups can leverage big data?How Startups can leverage big data?
How Startups can leverage big data?Rackspace
 
Become an IT Service Broker
Become an IT Service BrokerBecome an IT Service Broker
Become an IT Service BrokerRackspace
 
Deploy Apache Spark™ on Rackspace OnMetal™ for Cloud Big Data Platform
Deploy Apache Spark™ on Rackspace OnMetal™ for Cloud Big Data PlatformDeploy Apache Spark™ on Rackspace OnMetal™ for Cloud Big Data Platform
Deploy Apache Spark™ on Rackspace OnMetal™ for Cloud Big Data PlatformRackspace
 
Rethinking People Costs in Enterprise IT
Rethinking People Costs in Enterprise ITRethinking People Costs in Enterprise IT
Rethinking People Costs in Enterprise ITRackspace
 
Starting the Journey to Managed Infrastructure Services
Starting the Journey to Managed Infrastructure ServicesStarting the Journey to Managed Infrastructure Services
Starting the Journey to Managed Infrastructure ServicesRackspace
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Welcome Keynote featuring Rackspace CTO John Engates
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Welcome Keynote featuring Rackspace CTO John EngatesRackspace::Solve NYC - Welcome Keynote featuring Rackspace CTO John Engates
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Welcome Keynote featuring Rackspace CTO John EngatesRackspace
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...Rackspace
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Second Stage Cloud
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Second Stage CloudRackspace::Solve NYC - Second Stage Cloud
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Second Stage CloudRackspace
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...Rackspace
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - The Future of Applications with Ken Cochrane, Engineer...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - The Future of Applications with Ken Cochrane, Engineer...Rackspace::Solve NYC - The Future of Applications with Ken Cochrane, Engineer...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - The Future of Applications with Ken Cochrane, Engineer...Rackspace
 
vCenter Site Recovery Manager: Architecting a DR Solution
vCenter Site Recovery Manager: Architecting a DR SolutionvCenter Site Recovery Manager: Architecting a DR Solution
vCenter Site Recovery Manager: Architecting a DR SolutionRackspace
 
Outsourcing IT Projects to Managed Hosting of the Cloud
Outsourcing IT Projects to Managed Hosting of the CloudOutsourcing IT Projects to Managed Hosting of the Cloud
Outsourcing IT Projects to Managed Hosting of the CloudRackspace
 
How to Bring Shadow IT to the Light
How to Bring Shadow IT to the LightHow to Bring Shadow IT to the Light
How to Bring Shadow IT to the LightRackspace
 
DR-to-the-Cloud Best Practices
DR-to-the-Cloud Best PracticesDR-to-the-Cloud Best Practices
DR-to-the-Cloud Best PracticesRackspace
 
Migrating Traditional Apps from On-Premises to the Hybrid Cloud
Migrating Traditional Apps from On-Premises to the Hybrid CloudMigrating Traditional Apps from On-Premises to the Hybrid Cloud
Migrating Traditional Apps from On-Premises to the Hybrid CloudRackspace
 
Rackspace::Solve SFO - CoreOS CEO Alex Polvi on Solving for What's Next
Rackspace::Solve SFO - CoreOS CEO Alex Polvi on Solving for What's NextRackspace::Solve SFO - CoreOS CEO Alex Polvi on Solving for What's Next
Rackspace::Solve SFO - CoreOS CEO Alex Polvi on Solving for What's NextRackspace
 

More from Rackspace (20)

What Would You Do With More Time?
What Would You Do With More Time?What Would You Do With More Time?
What Would You Do With More Time?
 
RMS Security Breakfast
RMS Security BreakfastRMS Security Breakfast
RMS Security Breakfast
 
6 Commonly Asked Questions from Customers Building on AWS
6 Commonly Asked Questions from Customers Building on AWS6 Commonly Asked Questions from Customers Building on AWS
6 Commonly Asked Questions from Customers Building on AWS
 
The Evolution of OpenStack – From Infancy to Enterprise
The Evolution of OpenStack – From Infancy to EnterpriseThe Evolution of OpenStack – From Infancy to Enterprise
The Evolution of OpenStack – From Infancy to Enterprise
 
How Startups can leverage big data?
How Startups can leverage big data?How Startups can leverage big data?
How Startups can leverage big data?
 
Become an IT Service Broker
Become an IT Service BrokerBecome an IT Service Broker
Become an IT Service Broker
 
Deploy Apache Spark™ on Rackspace OnMetal™ for Cloud Big Data Platform
Deploy Apache Spark™ on Rackspace OnMetal™ for Cloud Big Data PlatformDeploy Apache Spark™ on Rackspace OnMetal™ for Cloud Big Data Platform
Deploy Apache Spark™ on Rackspace OnMetal™ for Cloud Big Data Platform
 
Rethinking People Costs in Enterprise IT
Rethinking People Costs in Enterprise ITRethinking People Costs in Enterprise IT
Rethinking People Costs in Enterprise IT
 
Starting the Journey to Managed Infrastructure Services
Starting the Journey to Managed Infrastructure ServicesStarting the Journey to Managed Infrastructure Services
Starting the Journey to Managed Infrastructure Services
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Welcome Keynote featuring Rackspace CTO John Engates
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Welcome Keynote featuring Rackspace CTO John EngatesRackspace::Solve NYC - Welcome Keynote featuring Rackspace CTO John Engates
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Welcome Keynote featuring Rackspace CTO John Engates
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Second Stage Cloud
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Second Stage CloudRackspace::Solve NYC - Second Stage Cloud
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Second Stage Cloud
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - Solving for Rapid Customer Growth and Scale Through De...
 
Rackspace::Solve NYC - The Future of Applications with Ken Cochrane, Engineer...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - The Future of Applications with Ken Cochrane, Engineer...Rackspace::Solve NYC - The Future of Applications with Ken Cochrane, Engineer...
Rackspace::Solve NYC - The Future of Applications with Ken Cochrane, Engineer...
 
vCenter Site Recovery Manager: Architecting a DR Solution
vCenter Site Recovery Manager: Architecting a DR SolutionvCenter Site Recovery Manager: Architecting a DR Solution
vCenter Site Recovery Manager: Architecting a DR Solution
 
Outsourcing IT Projects to Managed Hosting of the Cloud
Outsourcing IT Projects to Managed Hosting of the CloudOutsourcing IT Projects to Managed Hosting of the Cloud
Outsourcing IT Projects to Managed Hosting of the Cloud
 
How to Bring Shadow IT to the Light
How to Bring Shadow IT to the LightHow to Bring Shadow IT to the Light
How to Bring Shadow IT to the Light
 
DR-to-the-Cloud Best Practices
DR-to-the-Cloud Best PracticesDR-to-the-Cloud Best Practices
DR-to-the-Cloud Best Practices
 
Migrating Traditional Apps from On-Premises to the Hybrid Cloud
Migrating Traditional Apps from On-Premises to the Hybrid CloudMigrating Traditional Apps from On-Premises to the Hybrid Cloud
Migrating Traditional Apps from On-Premises to the Hybrid Cloud
 
Rackspace::Solve SFO - CoreOS CEO Alex Polvi on Solving for What's Next
Rackspace::Solve SFO - CoreOS CEO Alex Polvi on Solving for What's NextRackspace::Solve SFO - CoreOS CEO Alex Polvi on Solving for What's Next
Rackspace::Solve SFO - CoreOS CEO Alex Polvi on Solving for What's Next
 

Recently uploaded

Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024BookNet Canada
 
Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pdf
Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pdfMoving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pdf
Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pdfLoriGlavin3
 
Merck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Merck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxMerck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Merck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxLoriGlavin3
 
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
"ML in Production",Oleksandr BaganFwdays
 
Use of FIDO in the Payments and Identity Landscape: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Use of FIDO in the Payments and Identity Landscape: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxUse of FIDO in the Payments and Identity Landscape: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Use of FIDO in the Payments and Identity Landscape: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxLoriGlavin3
 
The Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
The Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxThe Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
The Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxLoriGlavin3
 
DevoxxFR 2024 Reproducible Builds with Apache Maven
DevoxxFR 2024 Reproducible Builds with Apache MavenDevoxxFR 2024 Reproducible Builds with Apache Maven
DevoxxFR 2024 Reproducible Builds with Apache MavenHervé Boutemy
 
Visualising and forecasting stocks using Dash
Visualising and forecasting stocks using DashVisualising and forecasting stocks using Dash
Visualising and forecasting stocks using Dashnarutouzumaki53779
 
Digital Identity is Under Attack: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Digital Identity is Under Attack: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxDigital Identity is Under Attack: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Digital Identity is Under Attack: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxLoriGlavin3
 
Rise of the Machines: Known As Drones...
Rise of the Machines: Known As Drones...Rise of the Machines: Known As Drones...
Rise of the Machines: Known As Drones...Rick Flair
 
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024BookNet Canada
 
TeamStation AI System Report LATAM IT Salaries 2024
TeamStation AI System Report LATAM IT Salaries 2024TeamStation AI System Report LATAM IT Salaries 2024
TeamStation AI System Report LATAM IT Salaries 2024Lonnie McRorey
 
"Debugging python applications inside k8s environment", Andrii Soldatenko
"Debugging python applications inside k8s environment", Andrii Soldatenko"Debugging python applications inside k8s environment", Andrii Soldatenko
"Debugging python applications inside k8s environment", Andrii SoldatenkoFwdays
 
WordPress Websites for Engineers: Elevate Your Brand
WordPress Websites for Engineers: Elevate Your BrandWordPress Websites for Engineers: Elevate Your Brand
WordPress Websites for Engineers: Elevate Your Brandgvaughan
 
Passkey Providers and Enabling Portability: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Passkey Providers and Enabling Portability: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxPasskey Providers and Enabling Portability: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Passkey Providers and Enabling Portability: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxLoriGlavin3
 
The State of Passkeys with FIDO Alliance.pptx
The State of Passkeys with FIDO Alliance.pptxThe State of Passkeys with FIDO Alliance.pptx
The State of Passkeys with FIDO Alliance.pptxLoriGlavin3
 
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices March 2024
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices March 2024What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices March 2024
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices March 2024Stephanie Beckett
 
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek SchlawackFwdays
 
Developer Data Modeling Mistakes: From Postgres to NoSQL
Developer Data Modeling Mistakes: From Postgres to NoSQLDeveloper Data Modeling Mistakes: From Postgres to NoSQL
Developer Data Modeling Mistakes: From Postgres to NoSQLScyllaDB
 
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: Loan Stars - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: Loan Stars - Tech Forum 2024New from BookNet Canada for 2024: Loan Stars - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: Loan Stars - Tech Forum 2024BookNet Canada
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
 
Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pdf
Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pdfMoving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pdf
Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pdf
 
Merck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Merck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxMerck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Merck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
 
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
 
Use of FIDO in the Payments and Identity Landscape: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Use of FIDO in the Payments and Identity Landscape: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxUse of FIDO in the Payments and Identity Landscape: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Use of FIDO in the Payments and Identity Landscape: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
 
The Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
The Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxThe Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
The Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
 
DevoxxFR 2024 Reproducible Builds with Apache Maven
DevoxxFR 2024 Reproducible Builds with Apache MavenDevoxxFR 2024 Reproducible Builds with Apache Maven
DevoxxFR 2024 Reproducible Builds with Apache Maven
 
Visualising and forecasting stocks using Dash
Visualising and forecasting stocks using DashVisualising and forecasting stocks using Dash
Visualising and forecasting stocks using Dash
 
Digital Identity is Under Attack: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Digital Identity is Under Attack: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxDigital Identity is Under Attack: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Digital Identity is Under Attack: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
 
Rise of the Machines: Known As Drones...
Rise of the Machines: Known As Drones...Rise of the Machines: Known As Drones...
Rise of the Machines: Known As Drones...
 
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC CataList - Tech Forum 2024
 
TeamStation AI System Report LATAM IT Salaries 2024
TeamStation AI System Report LATAM IT Salaries 2024TeamStation AI System Report LATAM IT Salaries 2024
TeamStation AI System Report LATAM IT Salaries 2024
 
"Debugging python applications inside k8s environment", Andrii Soldatenko
"Debugging python applications inside k8s environment", Andrii Soldatenko"Debugging python applications inside k8s environment", Andrii Soldatenko
"Debugging python applications inside k8s environment", Andrii Soldatenko
 
WordPress Websites for Engineers: Elevate Your Brand
WordPress Websites for Engineers: Elevate Your BrandWordPress Websites for Engineers: Elevate Your Brand
WordPress Websites for Engineers: Elevate Your Brand
 
Passkey Providers and Enabling Portability: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Passkey Providers and Enabling Portability: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptxPasskey Providers and Enabling Portability: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Passkey Providers and Enabling Portability: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
 
The State of Passkeys with FIDO Alliance.pptx
The State of Passkeys with FIDO Alliance.pptxThe State of Passkeys with FIDO Alliance.pptx
The State of Passkeys with FIDO Alliance.pptx
 
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices March 2024
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices March 2024What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices March 2024
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices March 2024
 
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
 
Developer Data Modeling Mistakes: From Postgres to NoSQL
Developer Data Modeling Mistakes: From Postgres to NoSQLDeveloper Data Modeling Mistakes: From Postgres to NoSQL
Developer Data Modeling Mistakes: From Postgres to NoSQL
 
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: Loan Stars - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: Loan Stars - Tech Forum 2024New from BookNet Canada for 2024: Loan Stars - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: Loan Stars - Tech Forum 2024
 

Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers

  • 1. SAY GOODBYE TO DIY DATA CENTERS AN INFRASTRUCTURE-AS-A-SERVICE INTENSIVE Through this year-long series of whitepapers and webinars, independent analyst Ben Kepes will be building a cloud computing curriculum designed for technologists and non-technical users alike. The mission is to build widespread knowledge about the cloud revolution and encourage discussion about the cloud’s benefits for businesses of all sizes. Read more CloudU whitepapers and register for upcoming webinars at www.rackspace.com/cloud/cloudu Sponsored By:
  • 2. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 A Virtual Tour of a Data Center  3 The Vision and Economics of IaaS 4 The Building Blocks of IaaS 6 Compute 6 The Foundations of Cloud Compute: Hypervisors and Virtualization 7 The Choice Is Yours: Operating Systems in the Cloud 7 The Choice Is Yours: RAM 7 The Choice Is Yours: Disk 8 Storage 9 Cloud Storage 9 Content Delivery Networks 9 Network 10 Switching and Routing 10 Domain Name System 11 Load Balancing 11 Database 12 Monitoring and Autoscale 13 Monitoring 13 Autoscale 13 Case Study: IaaS Helps KarmaCRM Start-Up 14 Different Delivery Models for IaaS 15 Public Cloud 15 Private Cloud 15 Virtual Private Clouds 16 Cloud Bursting 16 Summary 17 Appendix: Key Components of Data Center Reliability 18 Physical Security 18 Precision Environment 18 Conditioned Power 18 Core Routing Equipment 19 Network Technicians 19 About Diversity Analysis 20 About Rackspace 21 About the author 21 Ben Kepes 21 Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 1 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 3. Executive Summary As IT increases in complexity each year, many small and medium businesses have little or no understanding of what a move to Cloud Computing really means in terms of underlying technology. While we contend that one of the core benefits of the Cloud is that it enables users to forget about technology and concentrate on their core business, this lack of information can create doubts about the value of moving to the Cloud. Many of these fears have been created by traditional vendors wishing to cast doubt on the ability of Cloud Computing to provide a truly robust and secure level of service. To this end we have written this whitepaper to give a moderately technical look at what goes into an Infrastructure as a Service offering. In this report we start by taking a virtual tour of a modern data center to explain the robust, and expensive, features they contain. We then look at some specific services that make up Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offerings, services which enable end users to leverage the benefits of world-class data centers without the expense and complexity of maintenance. Finally, a variety of IaaS delivery models are discussed, from public cloud, to private and virtual private clouds, to cloud busting. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 2 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 4. A Virtual Tour of a Data Center  Data centers are exceedingly complex and expensive projects to build and maintain. The level of sophistication of a modern data center is far in excess of what most standalone organizations could afford to build. From physical security to multiple redundant power supplies, modern data centers leave no stone unturned. It is important for users of IaaS to have a basic understanding of what goes into a modern data center in order to understand the financial impact of following an on-premises strategy, especially when the goal is uptime and security that matches the major Cloud Computing providers. The diagram below details the multiple features that go into building a modern data center. A detailed list of some of the important features of a modern data center are available in the appendix to this paper. The main point is that these myriad features together create infrastructure that is secure and reliable, but also complex and expensive for an individual business to maintain. With an overview of how a data center is built, we will now look at the economics that make IaaS so persuasive. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 3 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 5. The Vision and Economics of IaaS The vision of IaaS is that all the benefits of world-class data centers are available, on demand, to end users using a pay-as-you go model. IaaS vendors aim to offer customers the ability to acquire every aspect of infrastructure, as a service, offering a shift from massive capital expenditure and inflexible design decisions to IT that is far more flexible, elastic and modular. This model provides significant benefits, many of which are created via the economics of Cloud Computing. Previously we published a CloudU report [1] that took an in-depth look at the economics of Cloud Computing. As described in detail in Cloudonomics: the Economics of Cloud Computing[2], under traditional IT models, organizations built their own IT infrastructure. This introduced two specific problems, the first of which relates to capacity planning. The capacity planning problem was created because of the fact that organizations had to spend significant time estimating potential peak loads for their data center and purchasing sufficient hardware to handle these loads. As the diagram below illustrates, this either left them with excess capacity that was under-utilized or, even worse, left them with demand beyond the capacity of their infrastructure which led to service degradation. The purple line, closely following actual demand, shows the benefits of Cloud Computing infrastructure to scale up and down readily along with actual demand. Capacity vs. Utilization curves [3] The second economic problem created by utilizing internal infrastructure is that it required large-scale capital expenditure. This tends to significantly extend the decision-making process as capital is limited and any asset purchases need to be highly justified. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 4 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 6. One of the core tenets of Cloud Computing is that it is a recurring expenditure model and, as we detailed in a previous report [4], is much like telephone or electricity expenditure in that it is accounted for as a standard operating expense. Just as organizations don’t expect to have to invest capital in providing themselves with the ongoing use of telephone lines, this expectation holds true for IT infrastructure also. With an understanding of the economics that make Cloud infrastructure so compelling, we will move on to an explanation of the different services that typically make up an IaaS offering. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 5 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 7. The Building Blocks of IaaS In a previous CloudU report [5], IaaS was defined as a way of delivering Cloud Computing infrastructure – servers, storage, network and operating systems – as an on-demand service. Rather than purchasing servers, software, data center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service on demand IaaS is essentially a set of building blocks that end users leverage to accomplish their IT goals. While the lines between IaaS, PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) are blurring [6], typically IaaS is considered to be made of up • Compute • Storage • Network • Database • Monitoring and Autoscale While it is possible to purchase a complete IaaS offering without thinking about the component parts that go to make it up, adopting a more modular approach will help to ensure a solution that is tailored for the unique requirements of the organization. To achieve this aim requires an understanding of these discrete parts. Let’s look at each in turn. Compute Compute is the most fundamental aspect of IaaS; it is the ability to make use of physical servers lying in a data center somewhere, on demand. The primary aspects of compute are really not that much different from the features of servers that many of us are familiar with: operating systems, RAM and disk. There are two components, however, that between them make up the one key difference between compute in the Cloud and compute in a traditional IT environment: the hypervisor and virtualization. And while the typical end user will never interact with the hypervisor, it is useful to begin the discussion of compute with a brief overview of this powerful software. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 6 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 8. The Foundations of Cloud Compute: Hypervisors and Virtualization A hypervisor is a software component that allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single server. The hypervisor is the tool that allows virtualization to occur. As we detailed in the first CloudU whitepaper [7]; Virtualization was developed to overcome the limitations of physical hardware as it enables multiple pseudo-servers to be run on one physical device. This division of a single physical server into multiple “virtual” servers containing multiple sets of segregated data is the backbone of Cloud Computing, as it allows for far greater flexibility and resource utilization. When multiple users are using the same physical server, it is the hypervisor that guarantees that RAM and disk options selected at server provisioning are respected and no single customer monopolizes server resources. With this basic understanding of virtualization, let’s look at the components of compute that are important to end users. The Choice Is Yours: Operating Systems in the Cloud When moving to the Cloud, one of the most basic questions that vendors will ask is which operating system do you want to use. Typically, most Cloud Computing vendors will offer a wide variety of operating systems to choose from, including multiple distributions of Windows and Linux. Since different operating systems are better for some tasks than others, choosing an operating system is a matter of personal preference based on the application being run. If a specific distribution of, say, Linux is a requirement for an important business application you are running, check with Cloud Computing vendors to ensure that it is available. The Choice Is Yours: RAM Frequently, Cloud Computing vendors will talk about the size of a slice. Not a pizza reference, this jargon speaks to the amount of random-access memory (RAM) included with a virtual server. Is it 256MB or 16 GB? These quantities of RAM are the “size” of the “slice” or virtual server. Like choosing an operating system, choosing the amount of RAM for a server should be based on the application being run. A complex SQL database might, for instance, require more RAM than a single static webpage. In general, one should pick the smallest server size capable of running the job. In the case of heavier than expected demand, the beauty of Cloud computing is that additional identical servers can be added instantly to handle the load. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 7 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 9. The Choice Is Yours: Disk When you bought your last computer, it might have come with 2 or 4 GB of RAM, and 160 GB of storage. This storage is commonly referred to as disk. It is the amount of storage that is available locally on the computer, without utilizing an external storage mechanism like an external hard drive. When purchasing a virtual server from a Cloud Computing vendor, a certain amount of disk is also available. When loading applications onto the server, this disk is consumed, as it is when storing things like documents in the case of a file server. Like choosing an Operating System and RAM, consideration should be given to storage needs when deciding how much disk is required. While storage on the local server disk is considered a part of compute, there is a lot more to storage in the Cloud and that is where we will turn now. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 8 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 10. Storage IaaS storage has several components that work together to ensure safe, reliable and readily accessible data. There are also mechanisms related to the delivery of that data that are worth exploring. Cloud Storage Using Cloud storage, data is stored on multiple virtual servers among large storage pools provided by Cloud Computing vendors. Using Cloud storage, customers can expect that their data may physically span across multiple servers but that redundancy and failover will ensure that, in the event of a failure, data will continue to exist via automatic processes at the Cloud vendor’s end. Storage, apart from disk discussed above, can either be in block-based protocols or, alternatively, adopt a file-based approach. These two approaches can be summarized as follows; Block-level storage is analogous to an external hard drive attached to a PC. In this case however the hard drive is virtual and it is mounted against a server instance. This instance then utilises the block as an individual drive for storing data that may be used for many applications – file storage and database storage being two examples. Block-level storage is extremely flexible, but is more complex to administer than file-level storage File-level storage by contrast is used to store individual files where it is not necessary to mount a storage “block” directly to the virtual server. File-level storage tends to be simpler than block-level storage and is useful as a simple, bulk store for raw files such as images, videos, music files, JavaScript and CSS In addition. reputable Cloud storage vendors allow customers to access their storage via an Application Programming Interface (API) meaning that processes such as backups, replication, and disaster recovery can be automated without resorting to manual processes. Content Delivery Networks Storing an object is one thing, but delivering it around the world at lightning fast speed is another. While not always a part of a Cloud Computing provider’s capabilities, a Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a capability that end users delivering a lot of images, videos and even JavaScript or CSS for websites should seriously consider. A Content Delivery Network is a system of geographically Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 9 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 11. dispersed servers containing multiple copies of data. These servers are placed at various points in a network across the globe so as to minimize the distance-to-data for particular customers. With a move to offsite infrastructure, a CDN helps to reduce any speed impact caused by increased distance between users and the data they wish to access. To illustrate the value of a CDN take, for example, the case of an ecommerce website hosted in the United States with most website visitors also located in the United States. The time that it takes the product catalogue images to load is probably quite fast, since the server and those accessing it are both located in the same general geography. What would happen, however, if the products suddenly became popular in China, or South Africa? The time to download the product images from the US based server would increase for these global visitors. CDN’s solve this problem by taking image files and putting them on servers all over the world. Then, when a request for that images comes in, the CDN serves it from the location closest to the requestor. The webmaster need only upload the image to one place, their server, and the CDN takes care of the rest, distributing the file all over the world for optimal performance. By utilizing a CDN, Cloud vendors solve some of the issues created by a move to centralized infrastructure. While storage and delivery are a critically important part of Cloud Computing, it is the next section, the network itself, which ensures information travels between points quickly and efficiently. Network Under traditional models, organizations had to invest not only in the hardware and software to run their data centers, but also in a significant level of network components to tie the servers together, and tie those combined servers to the Internet. In this section we look at the component parts that make up the network aspects of IaaS. Switching and Routing Switching and routing are two critical components of data transfer. Switching refers to the grouping of all data - regardless of its content, type or inherent structure - into individual “packets” which are then queued, ready to be sent over the network. Routing, on the other hand, refers to the process of determining which particular Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 10 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 12. path along the network individual packets will be transferred. IaaS vendors invest significant sums in buying the most advanced switching and routing technology available, in order to maximize the throughput and quality of data transfer across their networks. For an individual organization, the cost and stress of worrying about such technicalities is counter-productive and expensive. Domain Name System Domain Name System or DNS refers to the hierarchical naming system that is used to identify every entity connected to the Internet. All resources on the Internet are assigned a DNS and these codes are translated to addresses that are meaningful to users. DNS is analogous to a phone book in that assigns a particular name (for example www.diversity.net.nz) with a numerical identifier (210.48.108.35). Cloud DNS services give organizations the ability to programmatically manage all aspects of DNS, for example the creation, updating, and deletion of different kinds of DNS records. DNS is a very important piece of a complete Cloud stack. Load Balancing Load balancing, as the name implies, is a technique that allows workloads to be distributed across multiple resources. The aim of load balancing is to optimize utilization and throughput while reducing the response time. Setting up a load balanced environment is possible using only code and Cloud servers but it can be more complex than many businesses want to take on. For this reason, some IaaS providers offer load balancing as a service (LBaaS). While the details differ between vendors, LBaaS gives one the ability to share workloads between various servers. Some vendors even offer the ability to set up specific types of load balancing algorithms particular to customer requirements. Since so much variation exists in the market for this service, with some vendors not offering it at all, it is important for prospective users of IaaS to understand their needs and ensure they’re signing up to a service that meets their expectations. We have seen how compute, storage and network work together to provide computing resources, but there is another common building block that we have not yet examined: the database. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 11 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 13. Database Cloud databases provide a readily scalable and easily configured method for organizations to create, store, and access their data. As with other parts of Cloud Computing, this model alleviates the need for organizations to purchase expensive hardware and software, deal with software upgrades, and hire professionals for administrative and maintenance tasks which are taken over by the service provider. Database as a Service gives the ability to create an instance of a database that can be used as yet another building block of infrastructure. By combining a database with other requisite modules (load balancers, object stores, etc.), organizations can create an infrastructure “bundle” that is specifically tailored for their needs. With all of these components in place, Cloud infrastructure relies on advanced monitoring and the ability to scale automatically to meet the ever-changing demand profiles of users. It is these two areas that we will now discuss. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 12 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 14. Monitoring and Autoscale IaaS frequently includes monitoring and autoscaling capabilities to give visibility over system performance, and ensure that performance meets demand. Monitoring Many organizations fear a move to Cloud Computing because they perceive it will leave them ignorant of the performance of their infrastructure. To address these fears, most reputable Cloud Computing vendors include some level of monitoring as part of their core offering, so that end users can assess uptime, performance, throughput and other relevant measures. For more sophisticated needs, SaaS- based monitoring solutions exist which give even finer control over Cloud monitoring. Autoscale Given that Cloud Computing providers are utilizing massive data centers, they have the ability to provide computing resources to individual customers practically without limits. In order to enjoy this compelling quality, however, IaaS needs to be designed to provide automatic scaling, within parameters that individual users can set. For example, one user may want to scale their application regardless ofhow many resources it is utilizing, while another may wish to set limits as to how far their infrastructure can scale. Tools to automate this scaling are quickly becoming a core feature of IaaS offerings. A modern data center can be seen as a highly complex amalgam of multiple component parts covering different areas: • Compute • Storage • Network • Database • Monitoring and Autoscale By combining services across all of these areas, organizations can obtain an IaaS setup uniquely tailored to their individual needs. There are multiple methods for delivering IaaS, however, and it is to these methods we now look. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 13 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 15. Case Study: IaaS Helps KarmaCRM Start-Up KarmaCRM [8] is a customer relationship management application for SMBs. A recent startup, Karma had no legacy technology choices to take into account when determining its infrastructure set-up. This freedom gave them the ability to cherry-pick the very best options for the situation. Founded by John Paul Narowski, a veteran of other CRM vendors, KarmaCRM makes extensive use of Cloud Computing for all parts of its operation. Narowski points out that by utilizing Cloud Computing, KarmaCRM can focus on developing and growing our company. By leveraging cloud offerings we gain access to a wealth of services that we couldn’t afford to create or manage in-house. In the IT world, it’s far too easy to fall into the trap of doing everything in-house, and waste your IT talent managing mail servers instead of growing your business. KarmaCRM uses a number of different IaaS building blocks including compute, storage, database, and monitoring to run their business. By using infrastructure elements provided by the third parties, Karma has managed to build a service level far in excess of what it would have otherwise been able to afford. Particular services that Karma utilizes include: • Compute: Virtual Linux servers for applications, database, and staging environments • Storage: File-level Cloud storage for daily server backups • Monitoring: Cloud monitoring to cover CPU/Memory usage as well as automate server provisioning One of the benefits that Narowski sees from using IaaS is the ability to have redundant solutions. KarmaCRM is able to obtain a fully redundant infrastructure set-up with world-class levels of security solutions and the most current solutions available, all for a few dollars a month. As a new business, Narowski also enjoys the fact that the more technical parts of infrastructure, such as load balancing and DNS, are taken care of by their Cloud Computing vendor. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 14 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 16. Different Delivery Models for IaaS Having examined the common building blocks of IaaS, we can look now at several different approaches towards delivering infrastructure as a service. These approaches can be divided into public, private and hybrid infrastructure. It is important for organizations to understand the difference between these three approaches. Public Cloud Public Cloud is considered infrastructure that consists of shared resources, deployed on a self-service basis over the Internet. The benefit of Public Cloud is that organizations are taking advantage of the highest levels of efficiency as Public Cloud pools and averages a huge number of different users, all with varying usage patterns. This creates a smoothing effect that results in the highest levels of efficiency as infrastructure costs are spread out among many users. Another benefit of Public Cloud is that it creates almost limitless scaling opportunities. Public Cloud vendors have such massive pools of resources that there are few situations in which Public Clouds cannot handle the scaling requirements that users may have. Private Cloud By contrast, Private Cloud is infrastructure that emulates Cloud Computing but does so on a private network. Where a Private Cloud approach is taken, organizations may use either their own hardware or the hardware of a third party. However, in both cases the hardware is dedicated to their own use and there is no sharing of infrastructure between users. It has been argued [9] that Private Clouds remove the very attributes that make Cloud Computing compelling – sharing, multi-tenancy and massive scalability. Many vendors are simply pushing organizations to traditional virtualization products, and calling it Cloud. While it is true that virtualization brings significant benefits to organizations, these benefits are much less than those bought by true Cloud Computing in many cases. The third category of IaaS is Hybrid Clouds. Hybrid Clouds fall into two distinct categories. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 15 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 17. Virtual Private Clouds Virtual Private Clouds are created when Public Cloud vendors fence a part of their own Cloud infrastructure to provide specifically for a single customer. This virtual private approach has several attendant benefits – it answers some of the concerns that organizations raise with regards to sharing hardware with other organizations. At the same time, it still offers the ability to scale automatically and at very short notice. Cloud Bursting Cloud bursting can be seen as a combination of traditional dedicated hosting alongside Public Cloud networks. Using Cloud bursting, an organization will continue to use their own infrastructure for their regular needs, while any peak events will be automatically passed through to the Public Cloud provider. Cloud bursting brings several real benefits: it allows organizations to continue utilizing infrastructure they already own, while realizing some of the scale benefits of the Cloud. While Cloud bursting introduces some issue in terms of management and governance, a number of tools now exist to automate the connection and management of a combined on-premises/external Cloud approach towards infrastructure. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 16 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 18. Summary Modern data centers are incredibly complex operations that include high technology in all parts of their operations – from physical environment to data storage to network delivery. Building a modern data center is an expensive project and one that is difficult to justify while mature Cloud Computing alternatives exist. IaaS is a term that covers a range of services, which should be thought of as individual building blocks – while it is possible for organizations to purchase IaaS services as a complete offering, many will have a need to pick specific offerings depending on their needs and usage patterns. While IaaS certainly removes significant maintenance and administration from end users, it still requires those users to have an understanding of the component parts of a data center so that they can make informed decisions when sourcing and assessing alternatives. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 17 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 19. Appendix: Key Components of Data Center Reliability Physical Security • Security of the building - Keycard protocols, biometric scanning protocols and round-the-clock interior and exterior surveillance should be a standard monitoring procedure for data centers • Authorization of personnel - Only authorized data center personnel should be granted access credentials to data centers • Background checking - Every potential data center employee should undergo multiple and thorough background security checks before they’re hired Precision Environment • HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) systems should have redundancy built in. This ensures that a duplicate system immediately comes online should there be an HVAC system failure. • Data centers should include systems to regularly circulate and filter supply air • Data centers should have advanced fire suppression systems which not only detect and extinguish fires, but provide cutover to alternative infrastructure in the event of a fire Conditioned Power • Data centers should have power systems that are designed to run uninterrupted via Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPSs) and backup generators • These emergency power systems should have their own redundant systems to ensure supply in the event of a backup system failure Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 18 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 20. Core Routing Equipment • Data centers should utilize routing equipment with fully redundant systems • Data centers should have multiple fibre optic connections to multiple service providers Network Technicians • All technicians working within the data center should be certified by a third party certification organization up to, or above, the level at which they work • Technicians should be available 24xx365 in case there is an emergency requiring the attention of skilled IT professionals. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 19 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 21. About Diversity Analysis Diversity Analysis is a broad spectrum consultancy specializing in SaaS, Cloud Computing and business strategy. Our research focuses on the trends in these areas with greater emphasis on technology, business strategies, mergers and acquisitions. The extensive experience of our analysts in the field and our closer interactions with both vendors and users of these technologies puts us in a unique position to understand their perspectives perfectly and, also, to offer our analysis to match their needs. Our analysts take a deep dive into the latest technological developments in the above mentioned areas. This, in turn, helps our clients stay ahead of the competition by taking advantage of these newer technologies and, also, by understanding any pitfalls they have to avoid. Our Offerings: We offer both analysis and consultancy in the areas related to SaaS and Cloud Computing. Our focus is on technology, business strategy, mergers and acquisitions. Our methodology is structured as follows: • Research Alerts • Research Briefings • Whitepapers • Case Studies We also participate in various conferences and are available for vendor briefings through Telephone and/or Voice Over IP. Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 20 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 22. About Rackspace Rackspace Hosting is the world’s leading specialist in hosting and Cloud Computing. The San Antonio-based company provides Fanatical Support® to its customers, across a portfolio of IT services, including Managed Hosting and Cloud Computing. Rackspace is also the founder of OpenStack™, an open source Cloud platform with broad industry support, designed to offer Cloud consumers greater choice. For more information, visit www.rackspace.com. About the author Ben Kepes Ben is the founder and managing director of Diversity Limited, a consultancy specializing in Cloud Computing/SaaS, Collaboration, Business strategy and user-centric design. More information on Ben and Diversity Limited can be found at http:// diversity.net.nz Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 21 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted
  • 23. 1. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Cloudonomics-The_Economics_of_ Cloud_Computing.pdf 2. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Cloudonomics-The_Economics_of_ Cloud_Computing.pdf 3. http://www.chades.net/ 4. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Revolution_Not_Evolution- Whitepaper.pdf 5. Understanding the Cloud Computing Stack http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/ whitepapers/Understanding-the-Cloud-Computing-Stack.pdf 6. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Understanding-the-Cloud- Computing-Stack.pdf 7. http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Revolution_Not_Evolution- Whitepaper.pdf 8. http://www.karmacrm.com/ 9. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/when-will-the-crowd-turn-against-private-Cloud/973 Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers: An Infrastructure-as-a-Service Intensive 22 © Diversity Limited, 2011 Non-commercial reuse with attribution permitted