1. Digestive System Terms Robert Adams Biology 120

2. Colonoscopy Procedure where a gastroenterologist examines the inner lining of the large intestine, colon, and rectum. Doctor takes pictures and tissue samples.

3. Colonoscopy Considered to be a semi invasive procedure Examines the entire length of the colon (5 feet) Used as a means of visual diagnosis Checks for polyps or abnormal growths

4. Colonoscopy Mostly painless procedure performed on an outpatient basis Usually takes less than 45 minutes Everyone should have a colonoscopy by the age of 50 Patients should have a colonoscopy every 10 years after the age of 50 African Americans and patients with a family history of colon cancer should be tested sooner and more frequently.

5. ColonoscopyBowel Prep. Bowel prep takes place at least 24 hours before the procedure. Sometimes the doctor prescribes a laxative or an enema. Nothing should be ingested 6 hours prior to the procedure. Bowel prep is the removal of solid wastes from the digestive tract. A clear liquid diet is mandatory. Water , Gatorade, fat free broth, and strained fruit juices are permissible.

6. Colonoscopy Patient will be given a sedative by IV. Patient must lie on left side with knees drawn to the chest. Doctor will insert a thin flexible lighted tube or the colonoscope into the anus until it reaches the cecum.

7. Colonoscopy The colonoscope allows the doctor to add or remove water and air for additional cleansing of the colon. It transmits an image to a computer screen. The design also allows instruments to pass through the channel of the scope to remove tissue.

8. Colonoscopy Risks Inform Doctor if… Bleeding Infection Nausea Intestinal perforation Abdominal pain Bloating Gas Fever Require blood thinners Hypertension Diabetes Heart disease Arthritis medications Pregnant

9. ColonoscopyWhy? Colorectal caner screening Used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Used to investigate changes in bowel habits Rectal bleeding Abdominal pain Unexplained weight loss

10. Hematochezia The passage of fresh blood through the anus. This blood is usually contained in the stool.

11. Hematochezia The color of the blood during rectal bleeding is an indication of the location of the bleed. Blood from the anus , rectum, and the sigmoid colon tends to be bright red. Blood from the transverse colon and the right colon tends to be a dark red. Blood from the upper GI tract tends to be dark black.

12. Hematochezia The black looking blood in stool is called melena. Melena is caused by blood being in the colon long enough for bacteria to start breaking it down chemically.

13. HematocheziaCauses Burst blood vessels Dysentery Hemorrhoids Diverticulitis Colorectal cancer Inflammatory bowel disease Ulcerative colitis

14. Hernioplasty Hernia repair surgery Surgical operation for the correction of a hernia. A hernia is a bulging of internal organs or tissue through a defect in the body cavity.

15. Hernioplasty There are many surgical procedures to correct hernias. Hernioplasty specifically uses a synthetic mesh patch to reinforce the surrounding tissues. Hernioplasty is considered to be a tension free repair.

16. HernioplastyProcedure During inguinal hernioplasty a single long incision is made in the groin area. Patches are sown over the weakened area in the abdominal wall after the hernia is posted back into position.

17. Hernioplasty Who is at risk? Symptoms Pregnant women People with family history Patients suffering from obesity Bulge in area on the side of the pubic bone Heavy feeling in the groin area Pain in the groin area when coughing, lifting, or bending

18. Hernioplasty Possible Complications Babies are at risk for heart and lung complications Reaction to anesthesia Infection and bleeding Nerve damage Loss of blood supply to the scrotum resulting in testicular atrophy Damage to the cord that carries sperm from testicles to the penis that results in inability to father children Damage to the femoral artery or vein

19. Hernioplasty Other methods Tension repair – the edges of the defect are sewn back together without any reinforcement or prosthesis Laparoscopic repair - a telescope attached to a camera is inserted through a small incision that is made under the patient's belly button. The hernia defect is reinforced with a mesh and secured in position.

20. Serum Bilirubin Bilirubin Serum Bilirubin Yellowish pigment found in bile Fluid made and broke down by the liver A liver function blood test

21. Serum Bilirubin How is it formed? Characteristics A small amount of old red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells daily Bilirubin is left over after these older blood cells are removed Bilirubin is tested for in the blood and wastes. Broken down by light Bilirubin is responsible for the yellow color of urine and the color of feces as well.

22. Serum Bilirubin Why would I be tested? Normal Levels Jaundice is the most common reason to check bilirubin levels If suspected of having liver or gallbladder disease 0.3 to 1.9 mg/ dL

23. Serum Bilirubin Causes for abnormal result Many drugs can change the bilirubin levels in your blood. Erythroblastosis Hemolytic anemia Transfusion reaction Cirrhosis Hepatitis Cancer of the pancreas and gallbladder Gilbert’s disease gallstones