The document provides guidelines for creating an ontology, including defining what an ontology is, why they are useful, and the basic components and methodology for building one. It discusses evaluating ontology taxonomies and provides two examples - an e-commerce ontology and a banking ontology - to demonstrate the concepts. The key steps outlined are identifying important terms and concepts, organizing them hierarchically, defining attributes and relationships, and evaluating for issues like redundant or incomplete information.
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Guidelines to Create Banking and E-Commerce Ontologies
1. Guidelines to
Create an Ontology
Presenters :-
• Nisitha Manukulasuriya
• Rajith Premabandu
• Isuru Dilshan
1
2. Overview
• Designing a good Ontology
• Methods
• Basic Idea
• Ontology’s content
• Explanation of the guidelines by examples
2
3. Content
• What is an Ontology
• Why Ontology ?
• What is in Ontology
• Methodology
• Basic Ideas
• Building the Ontology
• Taxonomy Evaluation
• E commerce Ontology Example
• Banking Ontology Example
3
4. What is an ontology
• “An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of
a shared conceptualization”
• conceptualization
• explicit
• formal
• shared
• “An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of
a shared conceptualization”
• conceptualization
• explicit
• formal
• shared 4
5. Why ontology ?
• Share common understanding of the domain and
the related information
• To reuse knowledge
• To analyse domain knowledge
5
6. What is in Ontology
• Classes
• Relation
• Attributes
• Formal axioms
• Functions
• Instances 6
7. Methodology
• Define concept
• Organize them to taxonomy
• Define relations among the classes
• Define attributes and their values
• Define instances
• Define axioms and function 7
8. Basic ideas
• Yours will be different from mine
• Iterative process
• Initially, start with nouns and verbs
• A noun will be a class, attribute or instance
• A verb will be the relation
• Iterations are needed to further clarification 8
9. Building the ontology
• Determine the domain and the scope of the ontology
• Which domain are you thinking of?
• Is it going to be just one, or will you need different sub
ontologies to make it clearer?
• Who will use the ontology?
9
10. Building the ontology …
• Sources to use
• Experts
• Ask everything want to know
• Always keep manners
• Grab their terminology
• Documents
• literatures, documents, technical information, etc.
• Highlight underlying nouns and verbs
• Existing ontologies
• You are not the first one to think about that domain
• Existing ontologies can be fully or partially reused 10
11. Building the ontology …
• Enumerate important terms
• List all nouns and verbs
• For each noun note down
• name, synonym, a natural language description, source
• Decide whether the noun is a class, attribute or
instance
• Verbs will end up as relations
• The iterative process will may uncover some other
concepts too
11
12. Building the ontology …
• Classify the concepts in a hierarchy.
• Use either top-down or bottom-up or combination of
processes
• Hierarchical relations
• Subclass
• Disjoint decomposition
• Exhaustive decomposition
• Partition 12
13. Building the ontology …
• Define relations
• Describe each hand made diagram and the relations
in detail
• Define attributes
• Well defined type is an attribute, not a class
• Attach the attribute to the most general class/concept
that can have that property
• Define attribute type
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14. Building the ontology …
14
• Define attributes …
• Try to define range, value, precision, related classes
• Define instances
• A specific noun
• Described in detail
15. Taxonomy Evaluation
• Class definition evaluation
• Synonyms for the same concept do not represent
different classes
• A class is not only real entities in the domain
• Keep a balance with subclasses
15
16. Taxonomy Evaluation …
• Class Hierarchy
• Avoid class cycles
• Be careful of classifying classes where they do not
belong
• Careful with your classification
• Careful with incompleteness of taxonomies
• Redundancy
16
17. Taxonomy Evaluation …
• Other Hints
• Forget the implementation level
• Do not use “reserved” words in your names
• Choose a naming convention
• Limit the scope
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18. Up to here
• What is an Ontology
• Why Ontology
• What is in Ontology
• Methodology
• Building an Ontology
• Taxonomy Evaluation
18
20. E-commerce Ontology
• What is e-commerce ?
• Description
• E commerce is used via computer networks such as
internet. Several organizations involve in this process.
Venture capital firm supplies Venture Capital ,financial
support to establish such companies. Venture capital
invests a large amount of currency to enable startup for a
company. Company is also an organization that issues
shares and shareholders buy shares to own a part of the
company. A Share is an unit of capital that has price. CEO
is a person who manages the company. A Company
consists of B2B and B2C companies. A B2B transaction has
an amount which is higher than B2C transactions.
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Listing NounsListing Verbs
21. Noun
Name
Synonyms Acronyms Description Source
Organization Organisation
Association
Org A commercial or
industrial enterprise
with a group of people
,systematically
structured to
accomplish an overall
common goal.
Description
Person Human Unspecified individual with
certain capabilities &
responsibilities separate
from others.
Description
Venture
Capital
Financial
support
Funding
VC Money provided by
investors to start up firms in
early stages of high
potential .high risk growth
companies.
Description
Venture
Capital Firm
Venture
Capitalist
Firms that provides start up
or capitals / loans to
promising ventures for long
term growth potential.
Description
Company Firm
Corporation
CO
Corp
Any business organization
which has focus of gaining
profits.
Description
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Unspecified individual
with certain capabilities
& responsibilities
separate from others.
Money provided by
investors to start up
firms in early stages of
high potential high risk
growth companies
Firms that provides
start up or capitals /
loans to promising
ventures for long term
growth potential.
A commercial or
industrial enterprise
with a group of people,
systematically
structured to
accomplish an overall
common goal.
Any business
organization which has
focus of gaining profits
Describe nouns
22. Identify Concepts
• Concepts
• Organization
• Venture Capital Firm
• Venture Capital
• Person
• Company
• CEO
• Share
• Share Holders
• B2B
• B2C
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24. Identify Attributes
• Class Venture Capital
• Amount : currency
• Period : date/time
• Class Company
• Name : string
• Address : string
• Property Names : string
• Profit : currency
• Capital: currency
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25. Identify Instances
• E.g.
• “Meg Whitman is the CEO of the B2C company ebay.com.”
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Person
age:Integer
…CEO
Name:string
Company
B2C
manages
Instance Of
Meg Whiteman
Instance Of ebay.com
27. Taxonomy Evaluation
• Every Class refers to only one noun.
• Haven’t used reserved key words.
• Class hierarchy well-balanced.
• Classes Don’t have Cycles.
• Used a Standard.
27
28. Up to now ……
• Identify Nouns
• Identify Verbs
• Define relations
• Identify Attributes
• Identify Instances
• Taxonomy Evaluation 28
30. Banking Ontology
• Description
• There are several processes in a banking domain. An
account holder owns several bank accounts. These
accounts are identified with a unique account number.
There are two types of accounts, current and savings.
Bank account offers two kinds of loans. They are
personal and educational loans. Bank account has
compound interest and simple interest. A payment can
be done to a bank account via cheque , cash or EFT. A
payment has a date. When a payment is done a
transaction is occurred. A transaction is a deposit or
withdraw. 30
Listing NounsListing Verbs
31. Banking Ontology
• Description …
• An account holder is uniquely identified by an
identification number and the address, monthly
expense, NIC number are recorded. Current accounts
should maintain a minimum balance and a penalty is
calculated for the decrease of the minimum balance.
Bank account calculate interest in various time
periods. This vary with the bank. A cheque has a
cheque number, amount, date, payee, bank name. A
cash payment is done by the currency used. ETF
payment has a sender and receiver account numbers.
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Listing NounsListing Verbs
32. 32
Noun Synonyms Acronyms Description Source
Account
holder
- AH Member which
administrates Global
accounts.
Description
Bank
Account
- BA financial account recording
the financial transactions
between the customer and
the bank and the resulting
financial position of the
customer with the bank
Description
Savings
Account
- A bank account that earns
interest
Description
Current
Account
- These accounts are
maintained by the corporate
clients that may be operated
any number of times in a
day.
Description
Describe nouns
37. 37
Synonyms for same concept do not represent
different classes
Keep a balance with subclasses
Avoid class cycles
Be careful of classifying classes where they do not
belong
Careful with your classification
Careful with incompleteness of taxonomies
Do not use reserved words
Redundancy
Taxonomy Evaluation …
39. Summary
• Guidelines
• What is an Ontology
• Why Ontology ?
• What is in Ontology
• Methodology
• Basic Ideas
• Building the Ontology
• Taxonomy Evaluation
• E Commerce Ontology Example
• Banking Ontology Example 39
40. References
• A Simplified Guideto Create an Ontology
• Julita Bermejo
• ASLab R-2007-004 v 0.1 Draft
• May 22, 2007
• An Ontology-based Method and Tool for Cross-
Domain Requirements Visualization
• Nirav Ajmeri, Kumar Vidhani, Manoj Bhat, Smita
Ghaisas
Tata Research Development and Design Centre
A Division of Tata Consultancy Services
40
41. References …
• http://www.geneontology.org
• Accessed on: 21 January 2012
• http://musicontology.com
• Accessed on: 20 January 2012
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_system
• Accessed on: 22January 2012
• http://www.iqlue.com/Ontology.pdf
• Accessed on: 21 January 2012
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