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Ultrasonic Testing Part 1 TWI
Ultrasonic Testing NDT Training & Certification
Course Layout ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NDT ,[object Object],Penetrant Testing (PT) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) Eddy Current Testing (ET) Radiographic Testing (RT) Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Mainly used for surface testing Mainly used for Internal Testing
NDT ,[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing ,[object Object]
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing Sound is transmitted in the material to be tested The sound reflected back to the probe is displayed on  the Flaw Detector
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing The distance the sound traveled can be displayed on the Flaw Detector The screen can be calibrated to give accurate readings of the distance Bottom / Backwall Signal from the backwall
 
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing The presence of a Defect in the material shows up on the screen of the flaw detector with a less distance than the bottom of the material Defect The BWE signal Defect signal
The depth of the defect can be read with reference to the marker on the screen 60 mm 0  10  20  30  40  50  60
Thickness / depth measurement A A B B C C The  THINNER   the material the less distance the sound travel The  closer  the reflector to the surface, the signal will be  more to the left  of the screen The thickness is read from the screen 68 46 30
Ultrasonic Testing Principles of Sound
Sound ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Properties of a sound wave ,[object Object],[object Object],SOLID LIQUID GAS
Velocity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STEEL WATER AIR 5 M Hz
Velocity 4 times What is the velocity difference in steel compared with in water?  If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound has the highest velocity, steel, water, or air? Steel If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound has the shortest wavelength, steel, water, or air? Air Remember the formula    = v / f
DRUM BEAT Low Frequency Sound 40 Hz Glass  High Frequency 5 K Hz ULTRASONIC TESTING Very High Frequency 5 M Hz
Ultrasonic ,[object Object],What is Ultrasonic? Very High Frequency sound – above 20 KHz 20,000 cps
Acoustic Spectrum 0  10  100  1K  10K  100K  1M  10M  100m  Sonic / Audible Human 16Hz - 20kHz Ultrasonic  > 20kHz = 20,000Hz Ultrasonic Testing 0.5MHz - 50MHz  Ultrasonic  : Sound with frequency above  20 KHz
Frequency ,[object Object],1 second 1 cycle per 1 second = 1 Hertz 18 cycle per 1 second = 18 Hertz 3 cycle per 1 second = 3 Hertz THE HIGHER THE FREQUENCY THE SMALLER THE WAVELENGTH 1 second 1 second
Frequency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 KHz = 20 000 Hz 5 M Hz = 5 000 000 Hz
Sound waves are the vibration of particles in solids, liquids or gases.  Particles vibrate about a mean position. One cycle Displacement The distance taken to complete one cycle wavelength  wavelength Wavelength Wavelength is the distance required to complete a cycle.
Velocity Frequency Wavelength
Frequency & Wavelength 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 10 M Hz 25 M Hz Which probe has the smallest wavelength? SMALLEST LONGEST Which probe has the longest wavelength?    = v / f F   F  
Wavelength is a function of frequency and velocity. 5MHz compression wave probe in steel Therefore: or or f V   V   f V  f 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],10 MHz
Wavelength and frequency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Sound Beam ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Sound Beam NZ FZ Main Beam Distance Intensity varies Exponential Decay
Main Lobe Side Lobes Near Zone Main Beam The main beam or the centre beam has the highest intensity of sound energy Any reflector hit by the main beam will reflect the high amount of energy The side lobes has multi minute main beams Two identical defects may give different amplitudes of signals
Sound Beam ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Near zone  length as  small  as possible
Near Zone
Near Zone ,[object Object]
Near Zone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Should large diameter crystal probes have a high or low frequency?
Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ? 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 1 M Hz 5 M Hz
Near Zone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Should large diameter crystal probes have a high or low frequency?
Beam Spread ,[object Object],  / 2
Beam Spread Edge,K=1.22 20dB,K=1.08 6dB,K=0.56 Beam axis or Main Beam
Beam Spread ,[object Object],[object Object],Which has the larger beam spread, a compression or a shear wave probe?
Beam Spread ,[object Object]
Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam Spread ? 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 1 M Hz 5 M Hz
Beam Spread ,[object Object],[object Object],Which has the larger beam spread, a compression or a shear wave probe?
Testing close to side walls

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Ut P1.Ppt(New)

  • 2. Ultrasonic Testing NDT Training & Certification
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing Sound is transmitted in the material to be tested The sound reflected back to the probe is displayed on the Flaw Detector
  • 8. Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing The distance the sound traveled can be displayed on the Flaw Detector The screen can be calibrated to give accurate readings of the distance Bottom / Backwall Signal from the backwall
  • 9.  
  • 10. Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing The presence of a Defect in the material shows up on the screen of the flaw detector with a less distance than the bottom of the material Defect The BWE signal Defect signal
  • 11. The depth of the defect can be read with reference to the marker on the screen 60 mm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
  • 12. Thickness / depth measurement A A B B C C The THINNER the material the less distance the sound travel The closer the reflector to the surface, the signal will be more to the left of the screen The thickness is read from the screen 68 46 30
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. Velocity 4 times What is the velocity difference in steel compared with in water? If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound has the highest velocity, steel, water, or air? Steel If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound has the shortest wavelength, steel, water, or air? Air Remember the formula  = v / f
  • 18. DRUM BEAT Low Frequency Sound 40 Hz Glass High Frequency 5 K Hz ULTRASONIC TESTING Very High Frequency 5 M Hz
  • 19.
  • 20. Acoustic Spectrum 0 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100m Sonic / Audible Human 16Hz - 20kHz Ultrasonic > 20kHz = 20,000Hz Ultrasonic Testing 0.5MHz - 50MHz Ultrasonic : Sound with frequency above 20 KHz
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. Sound waves are the vibration of particles in solids, liquids or gases. Particles vibrate about a mean position. One cycle Displacement The distance taken to complete one cycle wavelength  wavelength Wavelength Wavelength is the distance required to complete a cycle.
  • 25. Frequency & Wavelength 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 10 M Hz 25 M Hz Which probe has the smallest wavelength? SMALLEST LONGEST Which probe has the longest wavelength?  = v / f F  F 
  • 26. Wavelength is a function of frequency and velocity. 5MHz compression wave probe in steel Therefore: or or f V   V   f V  f 
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. The Sound Beam NZ FZ Main Beam Distance Intensity varies Exponential Decay
  • 31. Main Lobe Side Lobes Near Zone Main Beam The main beam or the centre beam has the highest intensity of sound energy Any reflector hit by the main beam will reflect the high amount of energy The side lobes has multi minute main beams Two identical defects may give different amplitudes of signals
  • 32.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ? 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 1 M Hz 5 M Hz
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39. Beam Spread Edge,K=1.22 20dB,K=1.08 6dB,K=0.56 Beam axis or Main Beam
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam Spread ? 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 1 M Hz 5 M Hz
  • 43.
  • 44. Testing close to side walls