1. PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS (Chap. 1) Parasitology is a division of ________________________ - two organisms living together (__________________________). Categories of symbiosis are based on the effects of one organism on the other. 1. __________________________ – 2 organisms traveling together Example: bacteria carried on the legs of a housefly to a drinking glass 2. ___________________________– 2 organisms living together in which both benefit from the association; both are metabolically dependent on one another. Example: flagellates in termite gut provide cellulase for breakdown wood; termite provides habitat for flagellates.

6. Definitions of Hosts Many parasites have more than one host in their life cycle. These hosts have different roles and are given specific names. __________________________ – host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity and undergoes reproduction. The definitive host is usually a vertebrate. __________________________ - non-human definitive host which maintains the parasite for possible human infection. Example: a dog, the definitive host of a mature parasite, could infect a human with this parasite through contact

7. Definitions of Hosts cont. __________________________ - host in which the parasite undergoes larval development but does not reach sexual maturity. Typically, the intermediate host must be eaten to transmit the parasite to the next host. Example: a larval parasite occurs in a fish that is eaten raw by a human __________________________- a host, usually an arthropod, in which the parasite undergoes a significant change and is actively transmitted to the next host, usually by a bite. Example: a mosquito picks up malaria from a bite, parasite undergoes reproduction, and is transmitted in a new bite of a human host

8. Definitions of Hosts cont. ____________________________ - host in which there is no parasite development but the parasite continues to live and is infective to the next host. A paratenic host bridges an ecological gap in the life cycle. Example: larval parasite in insect adult parasite in an owl little chance larval parasite in insect adult parasite in an owl shrew paratenic host ______________________ – an inanimate object that may be contaminated by a parasite and serve as a means of transmission to the next host. Example: eating utensil or washcloth shared by 2 people

9. Types of Parasitic Diseases ______________________ - endoparasite lives within its host ______________________- ectoparasite lives on the surface of its host ______________________- parasitic disease that occurs in non-human animals that is transmissible to humans ______________________ - parasitic disease of humans that is transmissible only to other humans

10. Types of Parasitic Diseases cont. _______________________– a parasite is present in the human population at a stable rate of prevalence in a certain geographical area Example: Malaria is endemic in central Africa. _______________________- a parasite is present in the non-human population at a stable rate of prevalence in a certain geographical area Example: Heartworm is enzootic in Wisconsin dogs.

11. Types of Parasitic Diseases cont. ________________________– a parasite is present in the human population at an unusually high rate of prevalence in a certain geographical area Example: An epidemic of trichinosis occurred in Milwaukee from sausage purchased at Otto’s Sausage Shop. ________________________ - a parasite is present in the non-human population at an unusually high rate of prevalence in a certain geographical area Example: An epizootic of bee mites in Wisconsin has killed many honeybees resulting in decreased honey production.

12. Types of Parasitic Diseases cont. If a parasite shows ________________________, the parasite can use only 1 or 2 animal species as a host Example: the beef tapeworm uses only 1 animal as its definitive host – the human If a parasite shows ________________________, the parasite can use many animal species as a host Example: the trichina worm can use almost any carnivore as its host

15. HOW DOES A PARASITE ENTER ITS HOST? 1. ___________________________ 2. ___________________________ - by the parasite itself - through the bite of a vector 3. ___________________________ 4. ___________________________ 5. ___________________________ 6. ___________________________

19. 5. Three types of NUTRITION occur in the Protozoa: (1) _______________________________________ (=autotrophic) - protozoan produces its own nutrients (carbohydrates) by photosynthesis in chloroplasts - not used by parasitic forms (2) _______________________________________ (=holozoic) - ingestion of other organisms or particles of organic molecules as food - some protozoa have mouths - cytostomes - to ingest food materials - other protozoa utilize phagocytosis - heterotrophic nutrition is used by many parasitic protozoa (3) _______________________________________– absorption of water-soluble organic molecules through the cell membrane, usually by pinocytosis - used by several parasitic protozoa - Note: text considers saprozoic nutrition to be the same as heterotrophic

21. Taxonomy of the Protozoa The number of named species of protozoan is _______________ Of these, about 10,000 species are parasitic. - These numbers represent only a fraction of the number of species, as many species remain undescribed. In the 5 kingdom classification scheme commonly used today, the protozoans are placed in the KINGDOM _________________________

22. Taxonomy of the Protozoa Several taxonomic schemes have been devised for the protozoa. One was developed in 1980. The classification scheme divides the protozoa into ______________________ 3 Major Phyla (contain parasites of medical and veterinary importance): Phylum Sarcomastigophora - flagellates and amebae Phylum Ciliophora - ciliates Phylum Apicomplexa - sporozoan parasites + 4 Minor Phyla (none of medical or veterinary importance)

23. Taxonomy of the Protozoa New taxonomic scheme published in your text (2009) divides the parasitic protozoa into ___________________ Some of these are: Phylum Retortamonada Phylum Axostylata Phylum Euglenozoa Phylum Parabasalia Phylum Sarcodina - ___________________________ Phylum Apicomplexa – ____________________________ Phylum Ciliophora – __________________________ } _______________