1. Life Cycles of Digenetic Trematodes Chapter 15, p. 230-237 Digenetic trematodes use 2 or 3 hosts in their life cycles. FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOST is always a ___________________________. Reproduction ? SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST may occur in some life cycles. This host is an _____________________________________________________ Reproduction? DEFINITIVE HOST is a _________________________________. Reproduction?

2. Life Cycles of Digenetic Trematodes As many as _____________________________________________ have been recognized in digenetic trematode life cycles. - Many variations occur - not all 6 larval stages may be present within a species. - Life cycles have been difficult to elucidate due to all these larval stages. Today I will discuss a generalized trematode life cycle. We will examine the specific life cycle of each trematode of medical and veterinary importance when we get to each one in lecture and lab.

3. Generalized Life Cycle

4. Adult ADULT occurs in the definitive host Although most adults are _____________________________. Method of fertilization? Sexual reproduction involving gamete formation (oocytes and sperm) followed by fertilization results in the formation of thousands of fertilized eggs.

5. Egg = Ovum After fertilization and eggshell formation in the ootype, eggs move through the uterus. As they move through the uterus, 2 processes occur: 1. ______________________________ - eggshell is hardened into a tough protein called ______________________ as the egg passes along the uterus. - function?

6. Egg = Ovum 2. ________________________________________- mitosis of the zygote to form the embryo. - If the embryo is fully differentiated into a miracidium before the egg is released from the adult, an _________________________________is produced. - If the embryo consists of a number of undifferentiated cells when the egg is released, an _________________________________is produced. embryonated egg unembryonated egg

7. Egg = Ovum Eggs are ejected from the adult by the _____________________________ through the common genital pore. Eggs leave the definitive host via ___________________________________________ (depending on the species) and are generally deposited into an aquatic environment. Hatching of the egg may occur: 1. or 2. Hatching of the egg involves the opening of an ______________________________

8. Miracidium Ciliated embryo that hatches from the egg Miracidia that hatch in water: In some species, the egg is ingested by the snail and the miracidium hatches within the snail:

9. Miracidium Morphology: Small, elongate organism covered by __________________________ At anterior end is the _________________________ that functions in contacting the snail intermediate host. The apical papilla contains openings from _____________________________________. When a snail is contacted, the penetration glands secrete enzymes to aid in embedding the miracidium within the snail's tissues. ___________________________ are common for photoreception. A mass of ______________________________ lies in the posterior end. These cells divide asexually to form the next larval generation.

10. Miracidium Upon entering a snail, the miracidium loses its cilia and transforms into a sac-like body called the __________________________________________

11. Sporocyst Upon entering a snail, the miracidium loses its cilia and transforms into a sac-like body called the MOTHER SPOROCYST. Mother sporocysts occur in the snail at the site of penetration. Mother sporocysts consist of a _______________________________ surrounding developing _______________________________ mouth or digestive tract?

12. Sporocysts In some digenetic trematodes, the germ cells in the mother sporocyst divide asexually to give rise to another generation of sporocysts called ________________________. Mother sporocyst bursts to release these daughter sporocysts. In other trematodes, the germ cells of the mother sporocyst form a new larval stage called the ______________________________

13. Redia Mother rediae burst out of the mother sporocyst and migrate to the __________________________________________________________ of the snail host. hepatopancreas

14. Redia Each redia contains a __________________________ and short ___________________________ What do they feed on? ________________________ in the mother rediae may develop into a second generation of rediae called _____________________________or may develop into _____________________________.

16. Cercaria 2. _____________________________ used for swimming. - may be unbranched with or without fins - tail characteristics important in identification Type of cercaria is based on characteristics of the body and tail. We will look at 3 types: Furcocercous type – forked tail Gymnocephalous type – straight tail Microcercous type – short tail Furcocercous cercaria Microcercous cercaria

17. Cercariae may: (1) penetrate the definitive host (schistosomes) (2) penetrate a second intermediate host and encyst as metacercariae, or (3) attach to aquatic vegetation and encyst as metacercariae.

19. Metacercaria Metacercariae may occur within a second intermediate host or on aquatic vegetation. They are viable for weeks to years. When the second intermediate host or aquatic vegetation containing metacercariae is eaten by a definitive host, the metacercaria _____________________________in the digestive tract and matures to the ____________________________.