Lecture#2 hardware

Computer Basics
Sunday, October 31, 2010

Computer Basics
Computer Technology

The History of
the Computer

The History of
the Computer
Then

The History of
the Computer
Then
&

The History of
the Computer
Then
&
Now

Computer Evolution

Computer Evolution
 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding
machine

Computer Evolution
 Early 1800’s
Jacquard – uses
punch cards to
control the pattern
of the weaving
loom.

Computer Evolution
 Early 1800’s
Jacquard – uses
punch cards to
control the pattern
of the weaving
loom.
 1832 Charles
Babbage - invents
the Difference
Engine

The Punch Card

The Punch Card
 1890 Herman
Hollerith – invents a
machine using
punch card to
tabulate info for the
Census. He starts
the company that
would later be IBM.

Evolution (continued)

Evolution (continued)
1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the
ENIAC computer, ﬁrst electronic
computer is unveiled at University of
Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)

ENIAC Computer

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring
 18,000 vacuum tubes

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring
 Thousands of resistors and switches

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring
 No monitor

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring
 No monitor
 3,000 blinking lights

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring
 No monitor
 Cost $486,000

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring
 No monitor
 Cost $486,000
 100,000 additions per second

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring
 No monitor
 Cost $486,000
 100,000 additions per second
 Weighed 30 tons

1943
 Base codes develop by Grace
Hopper while working on the Mark I
programming project.

1943
 Base codes develop by Grace
Hopper while working on the Mark I
programming project.
 She invented the phrase “bug” – an
error in a program that causes a
program to malfunction.

1950s

1950s
 Vacuum Tubes were the components
for the electronic circuitry

1950s
 Punch Cards main source of input

1950s
 Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/
sec)

1950s
sec)
 100,000 additions/sec.

1950s
sec)
 Used for scientiﬁc calculations

1950s
sec)
 Used for scientiﬁc calculations
 New computers were the rule, cost
effectiveness wasn’t’

1960s

 Transistors were electronic circuitry
(smaller, faster, more reliable than
vacuum tubes)
1960s

vacuum tubes)
 Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)
1960s

vacuum tubes)
1960s

vacuum tubes)
 Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on
marketing of computers to businesses
1960s

vacuum tubes)
 Data ﬁles stored on magnetic tape
1960s

vacuum tubes)
 Data ﬁles stored on magnetic tape
 Computer Scientists controlled
operations
1960s

Late 60’s Early 70’s

 Integrated circuit boards

 New input methods such as plotters,
scanners

scanners
 Software became more important

scanners
 Sophisticated operating systems

scanners
 Improved programming languages

scanners
 Improved programming languages
 Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

1970’s Integrated circuits

Late 80’s to Current

 Improved circuitry – several thousand
transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip.

 Pentium chip named by Intel

 Modems – communication along telephone
wires

wires
 Portable computers: laptops

wires
 Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes

wires
 Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes
 Emphasis on information needed by the
decision maker.

The Information Processing
Cycle

Cycle
INPUT

Cycle
INPUT PROCESSING

Cycle
INPUT PROCESSING
MAIN
MEMORY

Cycle
INPUT OUTPUTPROCESSING
MAIN
MEMORY

Cycle
INPUT OUTPUT
AUXILIARY
STORAGE
PROCESSING
MAIN
MEMORY

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
 Light pen
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
 Light pen
 Image
scanner
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
 Light pen
 Image
scanner
 Touch tone telephone
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
 Light pen
 Image
scanner
 Touch screens
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
 Light pen
 Image
scanner
 Touch screens
 Bar code scanner
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
 Light pen
 Image
scanner
 Touch screens
 Digitizer
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
 Light pen
 Image
scanner
 Touch screens
 Digitizer
 Voice recognition
INPUT

INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Trackball
 Light pen
 Image
scanner
 Touch screens
 Digitizer
 Voice recognition
 Auxiliary Storage
Device
INPUT

PROCESSING
HARDWARE

PROCESSINGPROCESSING
HARDWARE

 Central Processing Unit: CPU
HARDWARE

 The Brains or Intelligence of the
computer. Controls input and
output
HARDWARE

 The Brains or Intelligence of the
computer. Controls input and
output
 The part of the computer that
interprets and executes
instructions.
 Silicon chip: integrated circuit
board
 Pentium: name give to a particular
chip
HARDWARE

What two numbers are
used in Binary Code?

 0 and 1

 0 and 1
 They are each called a BIT

 0 and 1
 8 BITS make a BYTE

 0 and 1
 1 BYTE makes a letter or
number

 0 and 1
number
 KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes

 0 and 1
number
 MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes

 0 and 1
number
 GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes

 0 and 1
number
 GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes
 TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
 Instructions are
installed permanently
at the factory
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
at the factory
 Cannot be changed
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
at the factory
 These instructions
check the computer’s
resources and looks
for Operating System
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
at the factory
resources and looks
RAM
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
at the factory
resources and looks
RAM
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
at the factory
resources and looks
RAM
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY
 Main Memory
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
at the factory
resources and looks
RAM
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY
 Main Memory
 Temporary—it is erased
when turned off.
MEMORY

MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Small
at the factory
resources and looks
RAM
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY
 Main Memory
 Temporary—it is erased
when turned off.
 It is where programs and
data is stored while being
processed
MEMORY

OUTPUT DEVICES

OUTPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT

OUTPUT DEVICES
 Useful information that leaves the system
OUTPUT

OUTPUT DEVICES
 Output Hardware includes:
OUTPUT

OUTPUT DEVICES
 Output Hardware includes:
•Monitor: soft copy
•Printers: hard copy
•Flat Panel displays
•Voice and music -
speakers
•Synthesizers
•Plotters OUTPUT

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
AUXILIARY
STORAGE

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
 Network Drive (H: drive)
AUXILIARY
STORAGE

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
 Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)
AUXILIARY
STORAGE

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
 Floppy Disk Drive with 3
½” Floppy Disk (A:drive)
AUXILIARY
STORAGE

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
 Smart card
AUXILIARY
STORAGE

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
 Smart card
 CD Read/Write Drive
AUXILIARY
STORAGE

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
 Smart card
 Zip Drive
AUXILIARY
STORAGE

AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
 Smart card
 Zip Drive
 Digital Audio Tape
AUXILIARY
STORAGE

Computer
Hardware

Hardware

Hardware
 Includes the electronic and mechanical
devices that process the data; refers to
the computer as well as peripheral
devices

System Unit

System Unit
 Case that holds the power supply,
storage devices and the circuit boards
(including the motherboard).

CPU (Central Processing
Unit)

CPU (Central Processing
Unit)
 Where the
processing in a
computer takes
place, often called
the brain of the
computer.

Circuits

Circuits
 The path from one
component of a
computer to
another that data
uses to travel.

Circuits
 The path from one
component of a
computer to
another that data
uses to travel.
 Circuits run
between
 RAM and the
microprocessor
 RAM and various
storage devices

Silicon Chip

Silicon Chip
 Silicon is melted
sand.

Silicon Chip
 Silicon is melted
sand.
 What the circuits
are embedded into
to keep them
together.

Peripheral Devices

Peripheral Devices
 Devices connected by cable to the
CPU.

Peripheral Devices
 Devices connected by cable to the
CPU.
 Used to expand the computer’s input,
output and storage capabilities.

Input Devices

Input Devices
 Units that gather
information and
transform that
information into a
series of electronic
signals for the
computer.

Keyboard

Keyboard
 An arrangement of
letters, numbers,
and special function
keys that act as the
primary input
device to the
computer.

Mouse

Mouse
 An input device that
allows the user to
manipulate objects
on the screen by
moving the mouse
along the surface of
the desk.

Sound Card

Sound Card
 A circuit board that
gives the computer
the ability to accept
audio input, play
sound ﬁles, and
produce audio
output through
speakers or
headphones.

Modem

Modem
 A device that sends
and receives data to
and from
computers over
telephone lines.

Modem
 A device that sends
and receives data to
and from
computers over
telephone lines.
 Means (Modulate –
Demodulate).

Output Devices

Output Devices
 Devices that display,
print or transmit the
results of processing
from the computers
memory.

Monitor

Monitor
 Display device that forms an image by
converting electronic signals from the
computer into points of colored light
on the screen.

Resolution

Resolution
 The density of the grid used to display
or print text and graphics; the greater
the horizontal and vertical density, the
higher the resolution.

Resolution
 The density of the grid used to display
or print text and graphics; the greater
the horizontal and vertical density, the
higher the resolution.
 The amount of Pixels on the screen.
The more pixels the better the
resolution.

Pixels

Pixels
 The smallest unit in a graphic image;
computer display devices use a matrix
of pixels to display text and graphics.

Pixels
 The smallest unit in a graphic image;
computer display devices use a matrix
of pixels to display text and graphics.
 Basic unit of composition of an image
on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or
similar display

Printer

Printer
 Output device that
produces text or
graphical images on
paper.

Speakers

Speakers
 Output devices that receive signals
from the computer’s sound card to
play music, narration, or sound
effects.

Storage Devices

Storage Devices
 Used to keep data
when the power to
the computer is
turned off.

Storage Devices
 Used to keep data
when the power to
the computer is
turned off.
 Different forms
 Hard disk
 Floppy or zip disks
 CD-Writer

Formatted

Formatted
 Arrangement of data for storage or
display.

Formatted
 Arrangement of data for storage or
display.
 All storage devices must be formatted.

Hard Disk

Hard Disk
 Rigid magnetic disk mounted for
permanent storage

Floppy Disk

Floppy Disk
 Small portable magnetic disk enclosed
in stiff envelope

Compact Discs

Compact Discs
 CD-ROM
 Compact disk with read only memory

Compact Discs
 CD-ROM
 CD-R
 Compact disk which you can write to only
one time. It then becomes a read only
disk.

Compact Discs
 CD-ROM
 CD-R
 Compact disk which you can write to only
one time. It then becomes a read only
disk.
 CD-RW
 Compact disk which you may rewrite to.

DVD
 DVD ROM
 Digital Video Disk which is read only.

DVD
 DVD ROM
 DVD-R
 Digital Video Disk which can be written to
one time. It then becomes read only.

DVD
 DVD ROM
 DVD-R
 Digital Video Disk which can be written to
one time. It then becomes read only.
 DVD-RW
 Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten
to.

Flash or Jump Drives

 External storage devices that can be
used like a external hard drive.

 External storage devices that can be
used like a external hard drive.
 They have the capability to be saved
to, deleted from, and ﬁles can be
renamed just like with a normal hard
drive.

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