source , cultivation & uses

1. GINKGO
Presented by :-
V . Ravi Kishore
2nd pharm.D

2. Scientific classification
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Ginkgophyta
Class : Ginkgopsida
Order : Ginkgoales
Family : Ginkgoaceae
Genus : Ginkgo
Species : G.biloba

3. Biological Source:
• It is consist of leaves obtained from dioeceous tree Ginkgo
biloba(Maidenhair tree)belongs to the family :-
Ginkgoaceae.
Geographical Source:
• It is a native to China and Japan and cultivated
ornamentally in many temperate regions.
• The leaves are bilobed, each lobe beig triangular in outline
with a fine radiating, like venation
• The leaf is glabrous, petiolate and has entire margin

4. Fossils of ginkgo leaf
Habitat:-
• It is native to China and Japan.
• It is also cultivated ornamentally in many temperate regions.

5. Ginkgo seeds Ginkgo biloba

6. HISTORY of CULTIVATION:
• Ginkgo has long been cultivated in China; some
planted trees at temples are believed to be over
1,500 years old.
• The first record of Europeans encountering it is in
1690 in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree
was seen by the German botanist Engelbert
Kaempfer.
• Because of its status inBuddhism and Confucianism,
the ginkgo is also widely planted in Korea and parts
of Japan; in both areas, some naturalization has
occurred, with ginkgo’s seeding into natural forests.

7. • ginkgo’s are male cultivar ( cultivated species) is
grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because
the male trees will not produce the mal-odorous
seeds.
• The popular cultivar "Autumn Gold" is a clone of a
male plant.
• Female cultivars include "Liberty Splendor", "Santa
Cruz", and "Golden Girl", so named because of the
striking yellow color of its leaves in the fall.
• Ginkgo's adapt well to the urban environment,
tolerating pollution and confined soil spaces.
• It is also an ORNAMENTAL PLANT.

8. • They rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban
conditions, and are attacked by few insects. For this
reason, and for their general beauty, ginkgo’s are
excellent urban and shade trees, and are widely
planted along many streets.

9. Phytochemicals:-
• The major chemical constituents of ginkgo are diterpene lactones and
flavonoids .
• Five diterpene lactones (ginkgolides A,B,C,J,M) have been found ;
these lactones have a tertiary butyl group and six 5- membered
rings(these compounds are platelet activating factor antagonists.
• About 40 flavonoids have been isolated from the leaves including
glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnein derivatives.
• The tree also synthesis number of biflavonoids based on
amentoflavone.
• Other compounds isolated from the leaves include long chain
hydrocarbons and derivatives, long chain phenols with anti tumor,
anti microbial and toxic properties.
• With the flavonoids there is higher concentration of falcvonol
glycosides in spring leaves and of bifalvones in autumn leaves.
• Glycosides have been detected in cell cultures.

10. Ginkgolides-A,B,C,J,M

11. Kaempferol Quercetin

12. USES:
• It is used as antiasthma-tic, bronchodilator and for
the treatment of chilblains (redness of skin due
damaged capillaries on hands, ears and feet ).
• It is used in treatment for dementia and Alzheimer's
disease
• Also used in Vertigo, Headache, Anxiety and
Apathy.
• It’s leaf extract used as Dietary supplement.
• It can enhance Cognitive function.

14. SIDE EFFECTS:
• Blood circulation disorders and those taking
anticoagulants such as aspirin or warfarin, although
recent studies have found ginkgo has little or no effect
on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics
of warfarin in healthy subjects.
• Additional side effects include increased risk of
bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and
restlessness.
• Ginkgo should be used with caution when combined
with other herbs known to increase bleeding
(e.g. garlic, ginseng, ginger).
• The effects of ginkgo on pregnant women may include
increased bleeding time, and it should be avoided
during lactation because of inadequate safety evidence.