HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE 2. introduction A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electric vehicle (EV) with a second source of power referred to as the alternative power unit (APU). 65. <ul><li>Fuel cell output power oriented control strategy based on FCE loading and unloading equations 66. similar to the fuel cell output power oriented control strategy as just mentioned above, but there has some new control characteristics as follows: 67. If cSOC > cSOC.t, the battery regulation power is zero and the battery actual output power is the power difference between Pd and Pf; 68. If cSOC≤ cSOC.t, the battery regulation charging power is considered and the target fuel cell power is the sum of driving power and charging power; 69. When the vehicle is braking, the fuel cell works at the minimum power and charges the battery pack with the regenerative braking; 70. The fuel cell engine works on nearly all of the driving time expect for the over high SOC battery pack and small driving power requirement at the first cold starting. 72. HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS<br />Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage significantly. <br />Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again. 73. CONCLUSIONS<br />Using the concept of Hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in today’s fuel deficit world.<br />A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some extent. <br />If proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle promises a practical, efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era. <br />One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar ones to follow with even better efficiency & conservation rate are very much on the anvil in today’s energy deficit world

1. HYBRID ELECTRIC
VEHICLE
BY: Rishav Raj
Avinash
Ravi Shankar
Sidharth rao
Siddhant Kr. kandoi

2. Introduction to
Hybrid Electric vehicles

3. Electric Drive Vehicles
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s)
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV’s)
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

4. Battery Electric Vehicles
Driving Range
• EVs can travel 100-220 miles per charge, depending on the model.
Powered by an Electric Motor
• Battery stores electrical energy that powers
the motor.
• Battery charged by plugging into outside
electric power source.
• Zero tailpipe emissions

5. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Powered by Engine and Electric Motor
• IC engine uses conventional fuel.
• Battery charged by regenerative braking and engine.
• Power from electric motor allows smaller engine and
better fuel economy.
Types of EVs-
• Mild hybrid: Cannot power the vehicle using the electric motor alone.
• Full hybrid: More powerful electric motor and larger batteries can drive the
vehicle on just electric power for short distances and at low speeds.

6. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Fuel-Efficient System Design
• Parallel PHEVs connect the engine and the electric motor to the wheels through
mechanical coupling.
• Series PHEVs use only the electric motor to drive the wheels. The internal combustion
engine is used to generate electricity for the motor.
Powered by an Electric Motor and Engine
• Internal combustion engine uses alternative or
conventional fuel.
• Battery charged by outside electric power source,
engine, or regenerative breaking.
• During urban driving, most power comes from stored
electricity. Long trips require the engine

7. Parallel Hybrid
Gasoline motor
Batteries which powers an electric motor
Both can power the transmission at the
same time
Electric motor supplements the gasoline
engine

8. Series Hybrid
Gasoline motor turns a generator.
Generator may either charge the batteries
or power an electric motor that drives the
transmission.
At low speeds is powered only by the
electric motor.

9. Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles
Fuel Economy: Better than similar
conventional vehicles
Low Emissions: Lower than similar
conventional vehicles
Fuel Cost Savings: Less expensive to
operate than a conventional vehicle
Energy Security: Reduced India’s
reliance on imported petroleum
Fueling Flexibility: Fuel from gas
stations

10.  Use electricity not petrol.
 Energy comes from a power outlet via a cord to the car
 Energy stored in a battery and is used for low power.
 For high power, battery powers the motor.
 Throttle position sensor(TPS)-monitors voltage, using Hall sensors.
Working of HEV

11. Block diagram of HEV

12. Components of Electric Drive
 Inverter
 Motor
 Battery

13. BLDC Motor
 Brushless-low maintenance
 High efficiency
 Faster dynamic response
 High-speed range.
….a
…b
…c
Back emf equations as :-

14. MATLAB Simulation

15. Battery Types
• Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
 Similar performance to NiCad battery but its energy and power densities
are higher and it charges faster.
 Battery can require cooling if charged fast
Lithium Ion
 Precise voltage control is needed when charging battery because if too
high, battery can be damaged and if too low, battery will be
undercharged.
 Light in weight.

16. Battery as a function of temperature

17. Charging of HEV
Types of charging
• Level 1-2 to 5 miles of range per hour of charging
• Level 2-10 to 20 miles of range per hour of charging
• DC charging-60 to 80 miles of range in 20 minutes of
charging

18. Level 1 Charging
• provides charging through a 120-volt
(V) AC plug and requires electrical
installation.
• Used generally at some residential
locations.
• J1772 standard connector & J1772
receptacle are used.
• no additional charging equipment is
required.
J1772 EVSE connector
J1772 EVSE receptacle

19. Level 2 Charging
• offers charging through a 240-V
(typical in residential applications)
or 208-V (typical in commercial
applications) electrical service.
• requires installation of charging
equipment and a dedicated circuit
of 20 to 80 amp (A) .

20. DC Charging
• offers charging through a 480-V AC input to the EVSE.
• enables rapid charging at sites such as heavy traffic corridors and
public fuelling stations.
• A DC fast charger can add 60 to 80 miles of range to a PEV in 20
minutes.

21. Charging circuit diagram

22. Modern Hybrid cars
Reva-i
 Designed by Mahindra in May 2010.
 joint venture between Bangalore based
Maini Group and USA based AEV LLC,
 Priced between Rs3, 49,705 - Rs4,
28, 419.
Toyota Prius
 Designed by Toyota India in May 2010.
 Priced between Rs.27, 38,500 to Rs.29,
40,500.

23. Comparison Chart of Conventional Gasoline Vehicles & Reva-i
Reva-i Gasoline Vehicles
1.)On-board energy consumption:-100 Wh/km 1.) Fuel economy:-15 km/L
2.)Charging Efficiency:-90% 2.) Fuel Cost:-70/L
3.) Electricity consumption:-111 Wh/km 3.) Driving Cost
(fuel only):-4.66/km
4.) Electricity Cost:-4/kWh
5.) Driving Cost(electricity only):-0.44/km

24. Braking
 Employs mechanical brake system & regenerative braking(including dynamic braking).
 Mechanical brake system-for rapid deceleration.
 During regenerative braking, the direction of current is reversed.
 Traction motors become traction generator & converts K.E to electrical energy.
 This energy fed back to battery,30% energy are recovered.
 traction motors are disconnected from supply and is connected to a external resistance during
dynamic braking.

25. Power control circuit

26. System Proposed
 ultra-capacitor bank control system for
EV has been proposed
 allows higher accelerations and
decelerations of the vehicle with
minimal loss of energy, and minimal
degradation of the main battery pack.
 uses an IGBT Buck-Boost converter
connected to ultra-capacitor bank at
Boost side & to main battery at Buck
side.
Buck-Boost Converter
Buck
Boost
T1 D1
T2 D2
Ls L
TRACTION POWER
C VCAP
7 Farads
ULTRA
CAPACITOR
BANK
ultra(144
capacitors in
series)
+
_
+
BATTERY
PACK
+
_
ILOAD
IBAT
T
ICOM
ICAP

27. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan(NEMMP)
 The NEMMP 2020 is a well researched document and relies on
study conducted jointly by the Government and the Industry which
indicates that high latent demand for environmentally friendly
electric vehicle technologies exists in the country.
 Suggests 6-7 million units of new vehicle sales of the full range of
electric vehicles, along with resultant liquid fuel savings of 2.2 – 2.5
million tonnes can be achieved in 2020.
 Will result in substantial lowering of vehicular emissions and
decrease in carbon di-oxide emissions by 1.3% to 1.5% in 2020 as
compared to a status quo scenario.

28. Conclusions
 HEV is a vehicle that uses two sources of power- gasoline and battery.
 For low power application, battery drive is used.
 For high power application, gasoline engine is used.
 Hybrid vehicle emits 50% less emission than normal gasoline vehicle-reduces
pollution.
 Most efficient in urban areas.

29. Wish you a Clean & Green Future

30. QUESTIONS?