10. ?Why neonates are so special
Vulnerable
Too tiny to complain.
Special life
Special care
Special feed
Special pain
11. Are we doing good or bad to
our babies ?
?
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12. “An unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage or described in
terms of such. Pain is subjective.”
International Association for the Study of Pain
13. Are we doing good or bad to
our babies ?
What are the sources f pain ?
What are the myths around pain in neonates?
What are the facts?
Is there a difference between full term and
preterm ?
Is the pain measurable ?
What are the interventions ?
22. PAIN MANAGEMENT MYTHS
Neonates do not feel pain.
Infants are less sensitive to pain than adults
Neonates have no memory of pain.
Neonates are not able to tolerate the effects
of analgesics.
Infants become accustomed to pain.
23. ?what are the facts
Newborn infants have functional nervous
systems which are capable of perceiving pain
Physiologic means of assessing pain (VS) can
be an unreliable predictor of pain
Infants often develop an increase in signs of
discomfort with repeated painful procedures
24. Premature infants can have
unpredictable responses to painful
stimuli
Unmanaged pain in the neonatal period
can cause long term developmental
complications
25. “Even if not expressed as conscious memory,
memories of pain may be recorded
biologically and alter brain development and
subsequent behavior”
-Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 42 (2006)
26. The prevention of pain in neonates should be
the goal of all caregivers, because repeated
painful exposures have the potential for
deleterious consequences.
Pediatrics 2006;118;2231
29. The Effects of Pain
Physiological Effects
changes in vital signs,
pupils
Behavioral Cues
how the baby acts when
she is in pain
Hormonal/Metabolic
Responses
what happens
chemically
30. Physiological Responses
variations in HR
variations in BP
increased ICP
increased or decreased RR
decreased sats or increase in oxygen requirement
change in color (pale, poor perfusion or red, increased
perfusion)
increased or decreased muscle tone
31. Behavioral Cues
crying body movements
can vary from high limb withdrawal
pitched, tense to soft fist clenching
moaning hypertonicity or
facial expressions hypotonicity
grimacing state changes
quivering of chin changes in sleep-wake
squeezing eyes shut cycles
furrowed brow changes in activity levels-
difficult to comfort or calm increased fussiness or
irritability
32. Hormonal/Metabolic Responses
increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine,
growth hormone and endorphins
decrease in insulin secretion
increased secretion of cortisol, glucagon, and
aldosterone…
which leads to increased serum glucose, lactate,
& ketones
can lead to lactic acidosis
Is the “stress response” secondary to the
surgery/procedure or the pain afterwards?
33. Hormonal/Metabolic Responses
Changes in hormone levels affect the absorption of fat,
protein, and glucose, which subsequently affect
HEALING AND GROWTH!
PAIN CONTROL IS MORE THAN A MATTER OF
COMFORT-
CONTROLLING PAIN DECREASES
COMPLICATIONS
34. Factors Affecting Pain Response
Gestational age-as preterm infants develop,
their responses become more sustained and
interpretable
Environmental factors-external noise,
temperature, light
35. Factors Affecting Pain Response
Intensity and duration of insult-repeated
painful procedures decrease infant’s
ability to react to pain but not their
perception of it.
Behavioral state-less reactive when in
sleep states than wake states
36. Long Term Effects of Untreated
Pain
Newly studied area-until recently, babies
were not thought to “remember” pain
Some experts believe that untreated pain in
the newborn period forces abnormal
pathways to form in the brain
This aberrant brain activity results in impaired
social/cognitive skills and specific patterns of
self- destructive behavior
37. ?What can we do
Common sense tells us that not all crying babies
. are in pain
A chronically stressed baby in the NICU may not
.react at all to pain
38.
39. Assessment of Pain in the Newborn
Pain scales use behavioral cues such as
quality of cry, breathing pattern, facial
expression, & muscle tone, as well as
changes in VS & increase in oxygen
requirement.
40. Assessment of Pain in the Newborn
Use of scales decreases nurse to nurse
variability of pain med administration
Limitations include differentiating
between pain and agitation, difficulty
assessing premature infants’ behavior,
and few scales for use with
intubated/sedated patients
41. FLACC Scale
F-face (expression)
L-legs (tone)
A-activity
C-cry
C- consolability
score is tallied, similar to APGAR (0,1, or 2 for
each category)
greater than 4 is indicative of pain
43. CRIES scale
C-crying
R-requires O2
I-increased VS
E-expression
S-sleepless
Simple and easy to use-uses a scale of 1-10,
similar to APGAR scoring
score of 4 or greater requires intervention
45. NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain
(Scale
Behavioral cues scale
rates crying, facial expression, breathing
patterns, tone of arms and legs, and state of
arousal at one minute intervals
should be used taking other physiologic
factors into account
46.
47. PIPP (Premature Infant Pain
(Profile
Uses both behavioral and physiologic
reactions to pain
Measures behavioral state, HR, sat, and 3
facial expressions which are indicative of
pain in preemies (brow bulge, eye squeeze,
and nasolabial furrow)
Takes into account gestational age
(postconceptual)
48.
49. Prevent or Minimize Pain
Cluster blood draws or use
arterial line whenever possible
to minimize sticks
Use smallest gauge needle
possible
Use minimal amounts of
tape/use tape remover to
remove it
Premedicate prior to painful or
invasive procedures
50. Pain Management
Developmental support is the first step in
managing all levels of pain
facilitated tuck-support infant in a flexed
position
parental involvement-give parents a chance to
help support their baby
51.
52. facilitate hand to mouth contact, offer pacifier-
sucking causes endorphins to be released
swaddling, holding
minimize external stimuli such as noise & light
53.
54. Circumcisions
ASPMN statement
circumcisions are painful
Unrelieved pain from circs can cause
adverse stress responses such as breath
holding, apnea, gagging, and vomiting
neonates have the right to an anesthetic to
prevent the pain of the procedure
suggest use of blocks or EMLA cream as
well as sucrose pacifier and developmental
support to assist these babies with coping
55. AAP Recommendations
1. Caregivers should be trained to assess
neonates for pain using multidimensional
tools.
2. Neonates should be assessed for pain
routinely and before and after procedures.
3. The chosen pain scales should help guide
caregivers in the provision of effective pain
relief.
56. Reducing Pain From Bedside
Care Procedures
1. Care protocols for neonates should
incorporate a principle of minimizing the
number of painful disruptions in care as much
as possible.
2. Use of a combination of oral sucrose/glucose
and other nonpharmacologic pain-reduction
methods (nonnutritive sucking, kangaroo
care, facilitated tuck , swaddling …)
57. 3-Topical anesthetics can be used to reduce
pain associated with venipuncture, lumbar
puncture, and intravenous catheter insertion
when time permits but are ineffective for
heel-stick blood draws, and repeated
use of topical anesthetics should be limited.
58. 4. The routine use of continuous infusions of
morphine, fentanyl, or midazolam in
chronically ventilated preterm neonates is
not recommended because of concern
about short-term adverse effects and lack of
long-term outcome data.
59. Reducing Pain From Surgery
1. Any health care facility providing surgery
for neonates should have an established
protocol for pain management. Such a
protocol requires a coordinated,
multidimensional strategy and should be a
priority in perioperative management.
60. 2. Sufficient anesthesia should be provided to
prevent intraoperative pain and stress
responses to decrease postoperative
analgesic requirements.
3. Pain should be routinely assessed by using a
scale designed for postoperative or
prolonged pain in neonates.
61. 4-Opioids should be the basis for postoperative
analgesia after major surgery in the absence
of regional anesthesia.
5. Postoperative analgesia should be used as
long as pain-assessment scales document
that it is required.
62. 6. Acetaminophen can be used after surgery as
an adjunct to regional anesthetics or opioids,
but there are inadequate data on
pharmacokinetics at gestational ages less
than 28 weeks to permit calculation of
appropriate dosages.
63. Reducing Pain From Other Major
Procedures
1. Analgesia for chest-drain insertion comprises
all of the following:
a. general nonpharmacologic measures;
b. slow infiltration of the skin site with a local
anesthetic before incision unless there is life-
threatening instability (if there was
inadequate time toinfiltrate before insertion
of the chest tube, local skin infiltration after
achieving stability may reduce later pain
responses and later analgesic requirements);
64. Reducing Pain From Other
Major Procedures
c. systemic analgesia with a rapidly acting
opiate such as fentanyl.
65. 2. Analgesia for chest-drain removal
comprises the following:
Analgesia for chest-drain removal comprises
the following:
a. general nonpharmacologic measures and
b. short-acting, rapid-onset systemic
analgesic.
66. 3. Although there are insufficient data to make
a specific recommendation, retinal
examinations are painful, and pain-relief
measures should be used. A reasonable
approach would be to administer local
anesthetic eye drops and oral sucrose.
4. Retinal surgery should be considered major
surgery, and effective opiate-based pain relief
should be provided
67. GOALS OF MANAGEMENT
Decrease pain and suffering
Promote family bonding
Increase patient comfort
Promote normal coping mechanisms
Decrease patient risk from complications
Prevent negative long term developmental outcomes
HAPPY, HEALTHY BABIES!
70. !Last words
Babies are unable to communicate their pain to the
…untrained eye
However, you have the tools to assess your babies
!!for pain and make it better