Renewable energy grid integration

Renewable Energy Grid Integration
Raquel Garde PhD
Granada, April 26, 2016

s u m m a r y
1. Renewable energies context in Spain
2. Impact of RE in the system
3. System Operation
4. Smart Grids
5. Energy Storage
6. Regulatory & Market Framework

• Some key figures…
• Electricity consumption in Spain recovered in 2015 a positive rate of
growth not seen since 2010
• In 2015 CO2 emissions of the electricity sector rise as a result of the
increase in coal-fired generation
• The percentage over total from renewables in demand coverage was
37.4% in 2015

• The share of renewable energy in the Spanish mix has increased over the
years significantly and is supposed to increase even more. Therefore it is
paramount to know:
• Which are the issues and problems renewable energy poses to the power
system
• Which are the means to overcome these problems
• Which are the regulatory measures adopted and if they are suitable or
not

Main issues to consider:
• New and in-depth focus on system planning. Steady-state and dynamic considerations
are crucial.
• Accurate resource and load forecasting becomes highly valuable and important.
• Voltage support. Managing reactive power compensation is critical to grid stability. This
also
• includes dynamic reactive power requirements of intermittent resources.
• Evolving operating and power balancing requirements. Sensitivity to existing generator
ramp rates to balance large scale RES generation, providing regulation and minimizing
start-stop operations for load following generators.
• Increased requirements on ancillary services. Faster ramp rates and a larger percentage
of
• regulation services will be required which can be supplied by responsive storage facilities.
• Equipment selection. Variable Speed Generation (VSG) turbines and advanced solar
inverters have the added advantage of independent regulation of active and reactive power.
• Strong interconnections and large storage systems. Larger regional control areas make
balancing possible.

• Grid stability:
• When RES share is high, sudden and large loss of power generation can
happen due to different causes:
• Weather changes (wind and sun availability)
• Some old wind turbine technologies disconnected from the grid when facing
voltage dips
• It must be balanced by using additional generation as support or by international
exchanges
• Because conventional generation does not react as quickly as RES typically
does, the grid operator on the transmission network has to deal with rapid
changes in voltage on the grid.
• The balance between generation and demand is jeopardized, putting in risk the
stability of the grid

• Grid operation:
• Variable renewable energy depends on the resources availability
• Manageable generation (conventional and renewable) is needed for
“security of supply” purposes
• The intermittency of RES has an impact on:
• The scheduling of the generation
• The market operation as new ancillary services are needed
• To smooth these effects it is necessary to have renewable resources
forecast as accurate as possible.

• Power quality:
• Availability of resources not always is close to consumption centres
(mainly for large RES plants connected to the transmission network)
• Large transmission links introduce new issues with power quality and
voltage management that can be solved with proper ancillary services
• But the suitable technology to provide them is not yet available

• Variability and intermittency of RES could potentially cause grid reliability issues
related to reverse power flows.
• It happens when the amount of renewable power generated exceeds current
consumption levels.
• Supply and demand have to be balanced at all times. If they are not, voltage
and frequency fluctuations could disrupt or even destroy electronic equipment.
• New challenges are related to:
• system stability
• voltage quality & harmonics
• peak load management & congestion mitigation
• Distribution network

~ ~
~
~
Large centralised power generation (6 - 20kV)
Boost Transformer Station (132, 220,
400, 500, 700, … kV)Transmission Grid
> 132kV
Primary Distribution Network
(132, 66, 45 kV)
Secondary Distribution Network
(20, 15, 6.6 kV)
Substations HV
Substations HV/MV
Small consumers
Very large consumers
Large consumers
Medium
consumers
Transformer Stations
(220,380 V)
Small power
generation plants
Small power
generation plants

• The integration of the renewable energy in the power system must done in a safe
way. It is necessary:
• To define the needed grid reinforcements
• To take into account the stability of the grid
• Forecasting ability
• To improve the observability and controllability:
• Generator and System operator control
• Management system
GRID DEVELOPMENT
ASSURING STABILITY
(Operational procedures)
ENHANCE
DISPATCHABILITY

• The methodology to integrate RES into the grid in a safe way should
comprise several steps:
• Technical analysis of the Grid capacity by using specific software
such as PSS/E, DigSilent, Apros, etc.
• Application of technical requirements defined in the network codes
• Monitoring and control of the system by the System Operator (SO)
• Economical analysis of energy scenarios with specific software
such as TIMES, PRIMES, Plexos, etc.
3. Methodology

•Red Eléctrica de España is the Spanish TSO
•It manages the operation in real time to match generation and
demand
•Management is based on forecasts
•Responsible of drawing up the transmission grid development
plans, approved by the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade.
•REE handles the so-called adjustment services as well
3. Methodology: Technical analysis/Grid development

• A good integration of RES into the grid must consider (according REE-
Spanish TSO) regarding Grid Development that:
• The decision about new transmission installations should include 2
coordinated process:
• Access to grid. It MUST BE regulated to evaluate the capacity.
• Grid reinforcement planning is made by national and regional
governments
• Development of transmission lines

• GRID CAPACITY STUDIES
• Evaluation of the generation limits to maintain sustainability and security of
the system according the planning and operation criteria
• SUSTAINABILITY. Capacity studies to define the generation limits in
each node and zone
• Static behavior: power flow and contingencies analysis
• Short-circuit: 5% Scc
• SECURITY
• Dynamic analysis: behavior of grid after a short-circuit
• DESIGN CRITERIA OF GRID

The Siemens PTI PSS®E simulator is a software tool that is composed of a
comprehensive set of programs for studies of power system transmission network and
generation performance in both steady-state and dynamic conditions.
It facilitates calculations for a variety of analyses:
Power Flow
Optimal Power Flow
Balanced & Unbalanced faults
Dynamic Simulation
It presents 2 power simulators, one for static analysis and the other one for dynamic
analysis
• Power flow analysis
• Voltage and overvoltage analysis
• Contingency analysis (N-1).
• Fault analysis (balance and unbalance)
• Dynamic analysis (generation and load loss, triggered lines, short-circuits, …)

N-1 are related to all elements are in service except one that it is out
It considers the loss of transmission lines. It analyzes the overloads and the
voltages out of range in each node
Static Analysis: Contingency N-1
Static Analysis: Short-circuit
REE procedure includes a shortcircuit study to analysis the capability of
the grid
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic models: PSS/E library has dynamic models for generators
Three-phase short-circuit to analyse the behavior of the grid during this
fault and the stability recovery

Infrastructure Development Plans
•REE is responsible for developing and extending the grid, for
maintaining it and managing the transmission of electricity between
external systems and the peninsula
•41,200 km of high voltage electricity lines, more than 5,000 substation
bays, and more than 78,000 MVA of transformer capacity
•International interconnections <3% with France (electrical island)
•Strategic Plan 2011-2015: reinforcements of Spain-France connection,
Peninsula-Baleares Islands and Ibiza-Mallorca

•Throughout the grid capacity analysis it is possible to:
• Identify grid reinforcement and new investments needs
• Define Infrastructure Development Plans
• Establish connection priorities and identify most suitable
connection emplacements (nodes)
• Identify congestion points
• Achieve RES integration goals

• Network codes or operational procedures are approved by the Ministry with
consultation to the CNE.
• Some of the Operational Procedures (PO) apply also to RES units:
• PO 3.2. Technical constraint management (D-1, real-time...)
• PO 8.2. System operation of generation and transmission
• PO 9 Information exchanged with the System Operator (observability)
• Some are specific for RES generation:
• RD 661/2007 Voltage control aspects
• PO 3.7 Controllability of non-manageable RES generation
• PO 12.3 Voltage dip ride-through capabilities of wind generation
• PO 12.2 Requirements for new generators.
• At draft stage:
• PO 7.5 Voltage control by RES.
3. Methodology: Assuring Stability/Operational Procedures

• PO 12.3
• From January 1st 2008 all new wind facilities must comply with PO 12.3. Of
the parks that were on-line prior to this date, more than 10 GW have been
also certified

• RD 661/2007 Art. 29: Reactive power
bonus or penalization.
• From +8 to -4% of 7.8441 c€/kWh
depending on the power factor.
• Periods do not distinguish between
labor days or holidays so producers
might behave contrary to system
requirements.
• In reality it leads to simultaneous
connection/disconnection of
capacitors.
• SO may issue instructions to modify
these table values for plants larger
than 10 MW if voltage problems are
detected. This is done regularly

• PO12.2 and PO 7.5 (Pending Approval) impose New
Requirements: Specific requirements for plants
connected synchronously or with power electronics.
• P>10 MW
• The installation must remain connected and
certain amount of time according to the
following voltage vs frequency zones
• The installation must not be disconnected
• Neither by the action of the minimum
voltage protection
• Nor due to the failure of automation and
control equipment during voltage dips with
residual tension lower than 0,85 pu with a
duration of less than 1 sg
• The installation must not be disconnected facing
deviate of frequency ±2Hz/sg

• Overvoltage requirements
• Voltage control requirements:
• Installation must have the ability
• To perform a set-point voltage control
with the capacity of real time set-point
changes
• To perform a reactive power control
• Delivery of reactive power will be made
through and Automatic Voltage Regulator
• 0,95≤V≤1,05 pu installation: ability to
deliver/absorb reactive power in a minimum
range to collaborate in the maintenance of the
voltage

• Voltage dip
• The profile may change depending on the kind of short-circuit

• Other requirements
• Possibility of providing frequency
control
• Disturbed regime voltage control
• Inertia emulation
• Oscillation damping
• New Operational Procedures will be
developed or updated to use these future
capacities.

Requirements Spain France Italy UK Ireland
Support to voltage dips Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Reactive power feeding
during voltage dip
Yes No No Yes Yes
Active power regulation Yes Yes for
HTB1 grids
Yes No Yes
Ramps regulation (MW/s) No Yes Yes No Yes
Reactive power regulation Yes, bonus
depending
on calendar
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Frequency ranges and
primary regulation
Ranges Yes
Regulation
No
Ranges Yes
Regulation
Yes
Ranges Yes
Regulation
Yes
Ranges Yes
Regulation
Yes
Ranges Yes
Regulation
Yes
Voltage ranges and voltage
regulation
Ranges Yes
Regulation
No
Ranges Yes
Regulation
Q
Ranges Yes
Regulation
No
Ranges Yes
Regulation V
Ranges Yes
Regulation V
Energy quality Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Communications Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dynamic model needed Yes No No Yes Yes

Requirements Poland Romania USA Germany Scandinavia
Support to voltage dips Yes Yes Yes, but not
specified
Yes Yes
Reactive power feeding
during voltage dip
Yes No No Yes No
Active power regulation Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Ramps regulation (MW/s) Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Reactive power regulation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Frequency ranges and
primary regulation
Ranges Yes
Regulation
Yes
Ranges Yes
Regulation
Yes
Ranges No
Regulation
No
Ranges Yes
Regulation
Yes
Ranges Yes
Regulation Yes
Voltage ranges and voltage
regulation
Ranges Yes
Regulation Q
o V
Ranges Yes
Regulation
No
Ranges No
Regulation
No
Ranges Yes
Regulation Q
Ranges Yes
Regulation Q
Energy quality Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Communications Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dynamic model needed Yes Yes No No Yes

•REE requires real-time communication with the generating stations
•By CECRE control centre of renewable energies
•Integrated in the main Power Control Centre CECOEL
3. Methodology: Enhancing Dispatchability

1. Renewable energies
context in Spain

3. Methodology: Economical analysis
- Results
- Generation mix (evolution of energy demand coverage by technology)
- Contribution of renewable energies and previsions (penetration capacity of new
technologies)
- GHG reduction
- Imports reduction
Evolution of energy demand coverage by technology in low, medium
and high penetration of H2 scenarios

3. Methodology: Conclusions
• Renewable energies integration provokes some concerns
and challenges in the grid operation
• A basic methodology to ensure a proper integration
includes:
• Grid capacity studies and infrastructure planning
• Networkcodes development
• System Operator Controllability
• Additionally, economical analysis for diverse energy
scenarios may be complementary

Study of electrical network characteristics for wind energy integration
Objective:
Define the wind energy penetration in the electrical system, identifying bottlenecks and proposing
improvements and the most adequate wind technology
Customer: National Energy Commission of Dominican Republic Duration: 2 years
Relevant Projects
Technologies for off-shore wind farms in deep waters (EOLIA)
Objective:
Study of the energy storage technologies at industrial scale, able to be used in offshore wind
farms, to evaluate their feasibility and adequacy for these applications. Simulations were
carried out through models taking into account their specific characteristics, as well as different
transmission and evacuation configurations and a possible integration with different energy
storage systems were studied. Analysis of Load management using desalination and/or the
combination with other energy storage systems as a “virtual storage”.
Customer: ACCIONA Duration: 45 months

Relevant Projects
CENIT SPHERA
Objective:
Strategic Industrial Research developed by a large industrial-public partnership related to
the technical development of production, distribution, storage and use of hydrogen
Customer: ACCIONA ENERGIA Duration: 4 years
REVE (Management of Wind Power with Electric Vehicles )
Objective:
Detailed study of key technical and economical challenges to develop a network that
facilitates electric vehicles to be used as energy storage systems and increase the
integration of wind power into the electric grid
Partners: AEE, ENDESA, CIRCE Duration: 18 months

4. Smart Grids
Source: “Gestión activa de la energía”, Agustín Escobar, Siemens

4. Smart Grids
The SmartGrid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users
connected to it - generators, consumers and those that do both - in order to efficiently deliver
sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.
A smart grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring,
control, communication, and self-healing technologies in order to:
•Better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and
technologies;
•Allow consumers to play a part in optimising the operation of the system;
•Provide consumers with greater information and options for choice of supply;
•Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system;
•Maintain or even improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality and
security of supply;
•Maintain and improve the existing services efficiently;
•Foster market integration towards an European integrated market.

• The technologies gathered in the smart grid will accomplish the following goals:
• Make the grid more robust and optimized for improved operation and quality indices
while minimizing electrical losses.
• Improve connection in areas with renewable resources, optimizing connection
capacities and diminishing the cost of their connection
• Develop decentralized generating architectures that allow smaller power plants to
work in a coordinated and cooperative manner with the power system.
• Improve integration of intermittent generation resources (renewable) and storage
technologies.
• Further develop the power market, providing new functionalities and services to
electricity market agents and final users
• Promote active management of demand so consumers become “prosumers”
• Allow incorporation of the electric vehicle in the grid and its predictable large-scale
penetration
4. Smart Grids

• Global smart grid concept:
• Smartly managed DERs
• Prosumers
• Smart meters
• Inner smart grids:
• Virtual power plants
• Microgrids
• Cells
4. Smart Grids

• Smart Grid approaches:
• Microgrids
• A low-voltage distribution system with distributed generation resources and storage devices. The
microgrid may be operated either islanded or connected to the grid, and operation of its
components can provide overall benefits to the system if they are managed and coordinated
efficiently
• Virtual Power Plant
• A Virtual Power Plant is a flexible representation of a portfolio of aggregated DERs. A VPP not
only clusters the capacity of many diverse DERs, but also creates a unique operating profile of
the set of characteristics that define each DER and incorporates the spatial restrictions (e.g., of
the power grid) in the description of its capacities in the portfolio
• Individual DERs can gain access and visibility on power markets.
• System operation benefits from optimum use of the whole capacity available and increase
operating efficiency.
• Cell architecture
• A distribution grid equipped with a controller which incorporates a communications network with
all of the distributed generation units and local users as well as the substation switching
synchronization equipment connection between the distribution and transmission grids
• May be operated in isolated mode
4. Smart Grids

• Smart Grid barriers
• Technological maturity and “first mover” risk: Lack of standardized and mature
technologies
• “Business case”:
• The investment and operational cost are still too high and
• The expected benefits are hard to quantify and attribute to each agent.
• The regulatory bodies are not aware of the big role the smart grids could take to
achieve the renewable boost, energy efficiency and CO2 reduction objectives and of
the need to encourage the electrical infrastructure investment.
• Regulatory issues:
• Technical barriers and limitations to the smart grid development
• Inadequate incentive plan to encourage the investments.
• Access to funds: If the business model changes and the risks associated to regulated
activity increase, the financial costs also increase making investments less profitable.
• Confidentiality and privacy of the data: The info available could potentially generate
damages and problems if misused
4. Smart Grids

• The European Industrial Initiative on the
electricity grid (SET-Plan)
• Enable the transmission and distribution of
up to 35 % of electricity from dispersed and
concentrated renewable sources by 2020
and make electricity production completely
decarbonised by 2050.
• Further integrate national networks into a
truly pan-European, market based network.
• Optimise the investments and operational
costs involved in upgrading the European
electricity networks to respond to the new
challenges.
• Guarantee a high quality of electricity
supply to all customers and engage them
as active participants in energy efficiency.
• Anticipate new developments such as the
electrification of transport
Smart meters interoperability is a MUST
4. Smart Grids

• Types of microgrids
• Voltage
• AC microgrid
• DC Microgrid
• Mixed Microgrid
• Installation configuration
• Centralized
• Decentralized
• Operation mode
• On-grid
• Off-grid
4. Smart Grids: Microgrids
• Microgrid definition FP5 Project MICROGRIDS (ENK5-CT-2002-00610)
• Microgrids comprise Low Voltage distribution systems with distributed energy sources, storage
devices and controllable loads, operated connected to the main power network or islanded, in a
controlled, coordinated way.

Applications and Markets
• By 2020 the most important segment would correspond to the commercial and industry,
military and off-grid microgrids
• Microgrids market could grow up to $2.1 billion by 2015, with $7.8 billion invested over
that time
• Analysis of the Asia-Pacific Microgrid Market (Frost & Sullivan) estimates:
• market earned revenues of US$84.2 million in 2013
• this to reach US$814.3 million in 2020 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
of 38.3 %.

• Advantages:
• Energy efficiency
• Greenhouse emissions reduction
• Increasing of the RES penetration
• Increasing of the security of supply and
participation in the provision of ancillary
services
• Reduction of electric losses
Source: Navigant Research

A microgrid is smart grid
Generation, loads and storage systems management
Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) is the only
interlocutor with the external grid:
Inner balance between generation and demand
Effective coordination of all the devices to provide a
clear and aggregated response to the upstream grid
The SO observes the microgrid as a controlled entity, a
single aggregated load/generator
Increasing of the penetration of RES. Manageability and
observability improved.
Microgrid concept allows a clear and transparent shift
from the current model to bigger smart grids
They can work as a building blocks of smart grids
Useful experiences and results

Functionalities during connected mode:
Forecasting
Economical dispatch
Emissions calculation
MGCC receives inputs from:
Market prices
Energy sources bids
Demand side bids for low and high
priority loads
MGCC sends the power setpoints to
every device in the microgrid and the load
shedding signals if needed
Technical constraints imposed to the
microgrid must be fulfilled and it must not
disturb the upstream grid performance
Increase generation
Disconnect generation
•During connected mode the upstream grid provides voltage and frequency references to the
microgrid devices

• Isolated mode:
• Generators must respond fast to load changes
• Use of power electronic converters and no mechanical inertia
• Some equipment have a slow response to setpoint changes
• The use of storage systems is paramount to secure the initial energy
balance
• Compensate the instantaneous unbalances between generation and
consumption
• Provide voltage and frequency references to the rest of the elements
• They are connected to the microgrid through a VSI controlled power
converter with adequate controls to keep the microgrid stable
(voltage and frequency stability)

Sizing
Define equipments
and installations
Define control
strategies
Simulations
Define
communication
protocols &
protections
Implementation
and final
validations
4. Smart Grids: Microgrids Deployment Methodology

Sizing
• Many parameters to take into account:
• Energy consumption profiles
• Natural resources availability
• Services to be provided
• Budget and economical feasibility
• Software to analyse and size the microgrid is needed
• HOMER
• HOGA/GRYSO
• WHG
• H2A
Microgrid Basic Configuration

Sizing
Define equipments
and installations
Define control
strategies
Simulations
Implementation
and final
validations
Define
communication
protocols &
protections

Define equipments
and installations
• Defining scope of supply for equipment
• Technical requirements
• Auxiliaries
• Security needs
• Developing tenders
• Defining supporting infrastructures (electrical, venting, safety, water, etc.)
• Administrative and regulatory issues
Microgrid Draft Project

GENERATION ENERGY STORAGE LOADS
PV system
Vanadium redox flow
battery
Programmable
loads
Small wind
turbine
VRLA batteries LEA load
Gas micro-
turbine
Li-ion battery
Industrial area
lighting
Diesel
generator
Supercapacitors Microgrid load
Electric vehicle
Electric forklift
4. Smart Grids: ATENEA Microgrid

GENERATION
G- Photovoltaic Installation 25 kWp
G- Wind turbine 20 kW
full-converter
G- Diesel Generator 55 kVA and
gas microturbine 30 kW (CHP-
trigeneration)
4. Smart Grids: ATENEA Microgrid

• Target 20-20-20 for 2020:
• 20% of improvement in energy efficiency
• 20% of reduction of greenhouse emissions
• 20% of the final gross energy consumption must be supplied by renewable energy
• New Spanish plan for 2011-2020:
• Design of new energy scenarios
• Set the objectives for Spain to be consistent with the 2009/28/CE Directive from
European Parliament
• Binding minimal target for every member state and EU as a whole
• Minimum share of renewable energy of 20% in the final gross
consumption of energy
• Minimum share of renewable energy of 10% in the energy
consumption from transport

Define control
strategies
Energy Control Strategies
• Determining microgrid objectives
• Defining Control Model (master/slaves, decentralised, droop control, etc.)
• Defining Merit Order according to services and objectives
• Developing control algorithms
• Economical issues

Renewable Generation
Conventional Generation
Storage Systems
Loads
Measurement systems
Meteorological station
COMMUNICATION
Ethernet
Modbus
Profibus
Modem
….
MASTER CONTROL SYSTEM
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (STRATEGIES)
PLC
BOARDSCADA
USER INTERFACE

Simulations Microgrid Operation Analysed
• Modelling components
• Studying the Microgrid Performance (short and long time)
• Optimising microgrid design and energy management strategy
• Identifying new capabilities and services
• Determining economical profits

CENER Management Optimization Software: CeMOS
Installation definition:
The user could configure the installation by
choosing among multiple systems (Storage
and generation systems, loads)
1. Installation
definition
2.
Parameterization
3. Control
strategy
definition
4. Tariff bids
and
simulation
period
5. Strategy
Management
Code
6. Results

ICT and Protection System
• Defining communication codes & Harmonising protocols
• Defining ICT architecture
• Ensuring adequate communication between equipment and control
• Designing protection system (on/off-grid mode)
• Ensuring safe microgrid operation & defining connection protocols
Define
communication
protocols &
protections

- Modbus RTU
- Ethernet
- Optical Fiber
Data storage in CENER server
Integrated into the CENER network
Access from any point (from CENER or external)
Optical Fiber to
Ethernet converter
Communication
cabinet and Server
MODBUS Modules

PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Protection system for connected and isolated mode
The integrated measurement system enables an optimal
energy control
Internal measurement calibration to assure the right
operation and quality standards
GRID PROTECTION SYSTEM
Relay communication assisted by DSO in case of fail in the
medium voltage grid to which our installation is connected
(Immediate tripping of the header switch)
Relay of minimum/maximum voltage detection (Immediate
tripping of the header switch)

Implementation
and final
validations
Microgrid Operation Validated
• Testing Microgrid Operation in Real Conditions
• Validating Microgrid Design and Operation
• Warranting Microgrid Operation

• Management system
validation1
• Development different energy
management strategies2
• System response due to
different events3

-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 144 288 432 576
kW
Flow battery power input/output
Real Simulated

Relevant Projects
Energy systems in microgrids
Objective:
Development of a methodology for the implementation of microgrids in urban
environments
Funding by: IDAE Duration: 12 months
Optimagrid
Objective:
The project aims to define, design, develop and implement intelligent control systems
of energy that facilitate the management real-time of a microgrid of electric energy
applied to an industrial area with high penetration rate of renewable energy, in order
to change the concept 'pollutant' associated to industrial areas, by different another:
"ecological industrial areas capable of developing its own technology".
Partners: 8 for 3 countries (SUDOE Interreg IV B) Duration: 30 months

P2P-SmartTest - Peer to Peer Smart Energy Distribution Networks
Objetive:
P2P-SmarTest project investigates and demonstrates a smarter electricity distribution system based on the
regional markets and innovate business models enabled by advanced ICT. It will employ Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
approaches to ensure the integration of demand side flexibility and the optimum operation of DER and
other resources within the network while maintaining the energy balance, second-by-second power balance
and the quality and security of the supply.
Partners: 9 from 4 countries (Horizon 2020, LCE-07-2014) Duration: 36 months
Relevant Projects
Life Factory Microgrid
Objective:
To demonstrate that microgrids are the power generation solution for industry in
terms of environmental impact, especially in areas with a high share of RES. The
proposed approach involves a first full-scale demonstration of a microgrid in a
factory in Peralta (Navarra, Spain), where near 80% of electricity comes from
renewable intermittent sources.
Partners: Jofemar (LIFE13 ENV/ES/000700) Duration: 36 months

5. Energy Storage
•Energy Storage Systems have been used for decades in different
applications:
•Grid support
•UPS (telecom, off-grid systems,…)
•New electronic technologies (portable)
•Renewable Energies deployment and European 20/20/20 goals are
the main drivers for the actual interest about storage
•The expected development of energy storage systems (ESS) will be
with a major integration of RES at every scale

5. Energy Storage
•Electric Storage Capacity Installed ~127 GW, over 99% PHES
•Thermal Storage Capacity Installed ~1 GW
Source: EPRI Source: CESA

5. Energy Storage
• Due to the high diversity of technologies used for energy storage, their role is
poorly described in many pathways to a low-carbon economy

5. Energy Storage
Technologies applications Energy vs Power. Source: CENER

5. Energy Storage
Costs reduction Storage supplies or consumes energy when
necessary increasing the efficiency of the grid
operation and reducing the need for new
infrastructures (Managing Transmission & Distribution
grids, supporting Smart Grids,…)
Higher RES share
Storage capabilities make the grid more robust and
ensure the power supply (new energy services
Market, Cross-sector applications,…)
Security of
supply &
Reliability
What energy storage provides?
Storage smooths the RES variability allowing an
energy system more sustainable (Balancing Demand
& Supply)

5. Energy Storage
At distribution level RES integration provokes some concerns mainly
related to:
• Security of electricity supply (SoES) & System stability
• Voltage control
• Load management & congestion mitigation
Energy Storage can solve these problems providing many ancillary
services such as:
• Capacity firming
• Voltage control
• Reactive power compensation
• Power quality

•Main challenges are:
•Maturity of technologies
•Costs (CAPEX & OPEX)
•Regulatory & Market Framework
•Some progress are being done in the last years
•EASE launch (September 2011)
•EERA Storage
•Joint EASE/EERA Recommendations for a
European Roadmap Development 2030 (April 2013)
5. Energy Storage

Summary actual state-of-the art repartition
5. Energy Storage

•Main technologies:
•Hydrogen
•Batteries
•Supercapacitors
•CAES
•Flywheels
•PHES
•Thermal energy storage
5. Energy Storage

Hydrogen
• As electricity H2 is an energy vector and both are complementary
Hydrogen Electricity
• Energy is stored as a chemical and fuel
• Generally RES are stored as H2 by means of water electrolysis to produce
the gas
• Technology chain:
• Applications:
• Energy arbitrage, grid services and even seasonal storage
• Electrolysers can provide many types of ancillary services
• Transport, chemicals
Generation
Electrolysis
Transport &
Storage
Conversion UseR E S
5. Energy Storage

Hydrogen
• Gaps:
• Investment costs (EUR/kW) too high
• Efficient large scale components availability
• High pressure compression of hydrogen from atmospheric pressure electrolysers is
expensive
• Lack of up-scaling experience, e.g. system optimisation packaging and large-scale dynamic
response ability
• Efficiency of electrolysis at high cell current density too low
• Efficiency of chemical processes to form other synthetic fuels from hydrogen too low
• Hydrogen storage materials still in R&D status
• R&D Needs:
• Materials (components, electrochemistry, etc.), catalysts, chemical process
• Large scale tests
• Demo Projects
5. Energy Storage

Batteries
• Electricity is stored as chemical energy in electrochemical devices
• Different types depending on the chemicals or redox pairs.
• Lead Acid (Pb)
• Sodium Sulfur (NaS)
• Nickel-based (Ni)
• Lithium (Li)
• Metal/Air (Zn, Mg, etc.)
• Characteristics:
• Rapid response, flexibility and adequate load following
• High efficiency charge/discharge cycles, mature technologies
• Some of them are toxic and/or pollutants, low energy density/kg and m3
• High costs and limited lifetimes.
5. Energy Storage

Flow Batteries
• Electricity is stored as chemical energy in liquid electrolytes pumped from tanks to the
electrochemical stacks
• Several types: Vanadium (VRB), ZnBr
• Charge: 2 ways
• Flexibility and high efficiency
• Independent Power (stack cells) and Energy (electrolyte tanks) capacities
• Low energy density and technologies under development
• High costs
5. Energy Storage

Batteries
• Applications:
Source: EASE/EERA
5. Energy Storage

Batteries
• Gaps:
• costs
• energy density and charging capabilities
• power performance
• lifetime - degradation during shelf storage as well as during use
• Specific functionalities for grid balancing, such as supporting primary and
secondary reserve power, contributing to reserve capacity building and ancillary
services to support transmission.
• Electric vehicles
• R&D Needs:
• Materials (components, electrochemistry, etc.), catalysts, chemical process
• System designs, power electronics for integration with RES & grid
• Degradation mechanisms
• Modelling
5. Energy Storage

Supercapacitors
• An electrochemical capacitor is a device which accumulates electrical energy
in an electric double layer (EDL) which is formed between an electron
conducting surface and an electrolyte.
• Fast charge and high number of cycles
• They can operate at very low temperature (<25ºC)
• They can absorb a limited amount of electric charge
• High efficiency
• Applications
• High power applications
• Transmission line stability
• Spinning reserve
• Area and frequency control
5. Energy Storage

Supercapacitors
• Gaps:
• High capital costs
• Low energy density
• Limited use at 10 MW
• R&D Needs:
• Electrolytes with higher voltages (>2.7 V)
• Proof of concept of asymmetric Li Ion Capacitor (LIC) systems
• proof of concept of ceramic EC with dielectric or insulator with very high
permittivity
• Basic and applied research on aqueous hybrid systems for very low cost and low
environmental impact using activated carbons
• New materials
5. Energy Storage

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
• Off-peak electricity is used to compress air into an underground storage reservoir. The
compressed air is heated by natural gas (diabatic) in combustors or heat from compression
(adiabatic) and run through high-pressure and low pressure expanders to produce
electricity.
• Large range of energy stored and long time of storage
• Limited natural reservoirs preferred
• Low efficiency (diabatic)
• Short times to start up and shut down,
• high design flexibility and applications, low costs.
• Applications:
• Balancing generation and demand,
• Provision of secondary and tertiary balancing power,
• Black start capability
5. Energy Storage

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
• Gaps:
• Too high investment costs
• Nowadays, low round trip efficiency
• Use of natural gas for preheating of the compressed air. Not CO2 neutral
• Technology Development for Efficient Air Turbines/Expanders
• Turbo machinery design for these plants is not “off the shelf” components.
Optimised expanders are not available
• Complete System Analysis and Integration with Grid Operation
• Cost of Constructing Air Reservoirs & Underground Storage Resources
• R&D Needs:
• Adiabatic CAES & components development
• New CAES concepts (Low temperature adiabatic systems, Isobaric CAES,
Isothermal CAES, …)
• long term impact to the environment assessments
5. Energy Storage

Flywheels
• Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.
• Long lifetime (20 years), thousand cycles
• Rapid response, high efficiency
• Safe devices
• High CAPEX, low OPEX
• Applications
• High power pulses in milliseconds (particles accelerators)
• Nowadays, small flywheels for UPS and transport sector
• Renewable energy generation, to ensure the grid stability, frequency regulation and
voltage support.
• Military and space control dispositive, industrial applications
5. Energy Storage

Flywheels
• Gaps:
• higher energy density flywheels at a lower cost
• Electrical machines improvements (related to the speed)
• Bearings (conventional, magnetic, superconducting levitation, etc.)
• Power electronics suitability (for STATCOM uses)
• Digital control and communications
• Security case or frame
• R&D Needs:
• Better materials for fiber flywheels
• High performance Electrical machines at lower cost
• Better bearings response and more efficient actuators
• Demonstration plants
5. Energy Storage

Pumped Hydro
• Energy is stored as potential energy throughout two large water reservoirs
located at different elevations, and once it is released it becomes kinetic energy
• Applications:
• peak-load energy supply and grid balancing
• primary and secondary regulation and black start
• Large range of energy and power stored.
• High efficiency, connection/disconnection flexibility, rapid start up and shut down and kWh low cost.
• High capital costs and long time to install
• Large surfaces flooded, high environmental impact, dependent of natural resources
5. Energy Storage

Thermal storage
• Gaps:
• Too high investment costs
• Low energy density and Low heat conductivity of thermal storage systems
• Reliability of thermal energy storage systems
• Too large loss of heat over time
• Insufficient knowledge about system integration and Demand Side Management (DMS)
in combination with Electric Storage Heaters.
• Insufficient knowledge about environmental impacts
• R&D Needs:
• New materials development and integration of phase change materials in building
element materials
• Research of large scale solar heating systems
• Identify advanced heat transfer mechanisms for charging and discharging
• Optimisation of hydraulics in advanced water stores
SgID9mKt
5. Energy Storage

Objective:
Theoretical and experimental studies in the experimental plant for
hydrogen production and storage installed in Parque de Sotavento
(Galicia)
Customer: Gas Natural Duration: 30
months
Study of the hydrogen production and storage plant in Parque Eólico Experimental
de Sotavento
Relevant projects
Conceptual engineering of a zinc-bromine flow battery of 1
kW power
Objective:
Conceptual design of a 1kW ZnBr battery prototype and economical analysis
Customer: Sun to Market Solutions (S2M) Duration: 6 months

stoRE- Facilitating energy storage to allow high penetration of
intermittent renewable energy
Objective :
Analysis of storage needs in Europe mid-term and study of regulatory and market
framework as in Europe as national level to propose recommendations and improvements
Financed by: Intelligent Energy Europe Duration: 36 months
Relevant projects
Characterization and testing of redox batteries ZnBr for Smart-Grids (Prower Flow)
Objective:
Testing, characterizations and validation of a ZnBr flow battery according the procedures in
a real microgrid
Customer: Jofemar Duration: 18 months

Objetive:
LIFE+ ZAESS project aims to demonstrate an energy storage technology based on Zn-air
batteries for increasing the share of intermittent renewable energies in the European
energy mix and reducing CO2 emissions thereby
Partners: Técnicas Reunidas (LIFE13 ENV/ES/001159) Duration: 40 meses
Life-ZAESS-Demonstration of a low cost and environmentally friendly
Zinc Air Energy Storage System for renewable energy integration
STORY-added value of STORage in distribution sYstems
Objetive:
to show the added value of using storage in the low and medium voltage grid. 8 demonstrations are
set up to feed knowledge into the further analysis on large scale impact assessment and on market
models, policy & regulation.
Partners: 18 from 7 countries H2020-LCE-2014-8 Duration: 5 years
Relevant projects

6. Regulatory and Market
Framework

6. Regulatory and Market Framework
Electricity Market
•Royal Decree 2019/1997 regulates the market of power
generation
•RD 1435/2002 regulates the energy purchase and access to the
Distribution Network
•RD 134&1221/2010 modify the RD 2019/1997 and define the
procedure for restrictions of guaranty of supply
•RD-Law 14/2010 “actions to correct the tariff deficit of the
electricity sector”

Renewables General
•Law 54/1997 of electric sector:
•defined the electricity sector operation (liberalization)
•added the goal of RES contribution of 12% to the total energy
consumption in 2010.
•RES Promotion Plan December 1999
•RES Plan 2005-2010 [PER]:
•Additional goals: +5.83% biofuels and +29.4% of RES contribution to
electricity
•Directive 2009/28/CE: binding goals 20-20-20 + 10% in transport

Renewables
•RD 661/2007 regulates the power generation in Special Regime
(RES and cogeneration <50 MW)
•Classification of Special Regime Power Generators
•Feed-in tariffs depending on the technology
•RD 1699/2011 “Grid connection of low power facilities (self-
consumption)”
•RD-Law 1/2012 “Moratorium for RES incentives”
•RD-Law 2/2013 “Actions in the energy and financial sectors”

Renewables
•RD-law 9/2013, 12 July, “Emergency Actions for ensuring
financial stability of electricity sector”
•Law 24/2013, 26 December, “Electricity Sector”
•RD 413/2014, 6 June, regulates the power generation from
renewable energies, cogeneration and waste
•RD 900/2015, 9 October, “self-consumption plants”

OMIE
Market
Management:
auctions &
operation
REE
Technical
Management:
ancillary
services,
restrictions &
deviations
CNMC
Subsidies &
Complements
Utilities
Interlocution
•Participants

OMIE
Offers Day &
Intraday
Markets
REE
Deviations
CNMC
Subsidies &
Complements
Utilities
Financial
balances &
Incomes from
OMIE and
REE
•Roles

•Smart Grids & Storage
•Communications from the Commission
• Smart Grids: from innovation to deployment (COM(2011) 202
final)
• Progress towards Completing the Internal Energy Market (COM
(2014) 634).
• Delivering a New Deal for Energy Consumers, (COM(2015) 339
final)
• Best practices on Renewable Energy Self-consumption
• Others in progress…
6. Regulatory & Market Framework

7. Conclusions
• Successful integration of high shares of renewables in Spain
• Regulatory and Market Framework is key for the development of the renewable
energy sector
• Control and supervision of RES generation needed to maximize RES
integration maintaining security of supply. Technical concerns solved by the
TSO throughout CECRE
• Evolution of the centralised & conventional power generation based energy
model towards a decentralised & RES based model.
• New grid challenges to be addressed due to RES integration at distribution
level
• Smart Grids and Energy Storage as key solutions
• They provide new energy services and support new market schemes

Renewable energy grid integration

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