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Phylogenomic supertrees: the end of the road or the light at the end of the tunnel? Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Outline
What is a supertree? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Formal supertree construction A B D C E I J F G H K L E J F G H K L A B C K L D C E I H K Agreement Optimization consensus-like techniques coding technique optimization criterion
“ Traditional” supertrees
A supertree of extant mammals 4510 of the 4554  species listed in Wilson and Reeder (1993) ,[object Object],Monotremata Marsupialia Afrotheria Xenarthra Laurasiatheria Euarchontoglires You are here
A supertree of extant birds ,[object Object],[object Object]
Criticisms of supertrees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],
[object Object],[object Object]
MRP supertree of extant Carnivora ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Carnivora sequences in GenBank 1 10 100 1000 10 000 1990 1995 2000 2005 Number Year ,[object Object],100 000 1 000 000 10 000 000 677 sequences 48 species 12 new species / yr
Carnivora sequences in GenBank 1 10 100 1000 10 000 1990 1995 2000 2005 Number Year 1 984 623 sequences 197 species 13.1 new species / yr ,[object Object],100 000 1 000 000 10 000 000 ,[object Object]
Distribution of GenBank data 1 976 358 4365 3900 are for domestic dog (99.6%) are for domestic cat (0.2%) for remaining 195 species (or 20.0 sequences / species) 1 984 623 sequences 191 of the 219  Martes americana  sequences are cyt  b 225 of the 302  Phoca vitulina  sequences are tRNA-Pro ,[object Object]
The molecular revolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Genes Species
A paradigm shift ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Partitioned analyses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],supertree construction conventional analysis
Analyzing DNA supermatrices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],supertree construction conventional analysis conventional analysis
Archimedean phylogenetics “ Give me a cluster large enough and a data set on which to work on, and I shall derive the phylogeny.”
[object Object],supertree construction global optimization (conventional analysis) subtree optimization (conventional analysis)
BUILD MR / O Global optimization Supertree construction Subtree optimization Divide Accuracy Speed Stage n/a
subsample data (4, 8, 16, …, 1024, 2048 taxa) simulate data (K2P, ti:tv = 2.0,    = 0.5,    = 0.1, 2000 bp) phylogenetic analysis (NJ, weighted MP, ML, or ML-DCM3) compare to pruned model tree
[object Object],Sampling schemes ,[object Object]
BUILD MR / O Global optimization Supertree construction Subtree optimization Divide Accuracy Speed Stage n/a
Divide step ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scaling of accuracy ,[object Object],0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950 1.000 Average similarity to model tree (1 – d S ) 1 10 100 1000 10000 Size of subsampled tree ML-DCM3 (random) ML-DCM3 (clade) MP (random) MP (clade) NJ (random) ML (random) NJ (clade) ML (clade)
Accuracy and sampling strategy ,[object Object],0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1 10 100 1000 10000 Size of subsampled tree Ratio of average similarity (clade / random sampling) MP NJ ML ML-DCM3
Scaling of analysis time ,[object Object],0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Average analysis time (seconds) 1 10 100 1000 10000 Size of subsampled tree ML-DCM3 (random) ML-DCM3 (clade) MP (random) MP (clade) NJ (random) ML (random) NJ (clade) ML (clade)
Analysis time and sampling strategy ,[object Object],0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 1 10 100 1000 10000 Size of subsampled tree Ratio of average analysis time (clade / random sampling) MP NJ ML ML-DCM3
BUILD MR / O Global optimization Supertree construction Subtree optimization Divide Accuracy Speed Stage n/a
Supertree step ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problems with BUILD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Does divide-and-conquer work? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 n time    x << time  n x
Number of analyses Size of subsampled tree ,[object Object],= 4096 taxa 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 1 10 100 1000 10000 MP (random) MP (clade) NJ (random) ML (random) NJ (clade) ML (clade) ,[object Object]
Does divide-and-conquer work? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 n time    x << time  n x
Analyses of full 4096-taxon data set 1.55x ,[object Object],195 371 0.921 ML-DCM3 303 450 0.923 ML (“standard hill climbing”) 69 392 0.917 MP 193 0.857 NJ Time taken (seconds) Accuracy (1 – d S ) Method
Analyses of full data set 5.04x ,[object Object],195 371 0.921 ML-DCM3 38 737 0.912 ML (“fast hill climbing”) 303 450 0.923 ML (“standard hill climbing”) 69 392 0.917 MP 193 0.857 NJ Time taken (seconds) Accuracy (1 – d S ) Method
What’s the problem? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Possible solutions: input ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Possible solutions: analysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What’s the answer? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Challenges for the future
Bicliques A B D F C G E Taxa Genes 6 3 4 1 7 5 8 2 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8 A +   –  –  –  –  –  –  – B +  +   –  –  –  –  –  – C –  +  +  +  +   –  –  – D –  +  +  +  +   +   –  – E –  +  +  +  +   –  –  – F –  –  –  –  –  +  +   – G –  –  –  –  –  –  +  + Taxa Genes maximal biclique =  K 4,3
Extending bicliques ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A B D F C G E Taxa Genes 6 3 4 1 7 5 8 2
Challenges for the future ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Phylogenomic Supertrees. ORP Bininda-Emond

  • 1. Phylogenomic supertrees: the end of the road or the light at the end of the tunnel? Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. Formal supertree construction A B D C E I J F G H K L E J F G H K L A B C K L D C E I H K Agreement Optimization consensus-like techniques coding technique optimization criterion
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Archimedean phylogenetics “ Give me a cluster large enough and a data set on which to work on, and I shall derive the phylogeny.”
  • 19.
  • 20. BUILD MR / O Global optimization Supertree construction Subtree optimization Divide Accuracy Speed Stage n/a
  • 21. subsample data (4, 8, 16, …, 1024, 2048 taxa) simulate data (K2P, ti:tv = 2.0,  = 0.5,  = 0.1, 2000 bp) phylogenetic analysis (NJ, weighted MP, ML, or ML-DCM3) compare to pruned model tree
  • 22.
  • 23. BUILD MR / O Global optimization Supertree construction Subtree optimization Divide Accuracy Speed Stage n/a
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. BUILD MR / O Global optimization Supertree construction Subtree optimization Divide Accuracy Speed Stage n/a
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. Bicliques A B D F C G E Taxa Genes 6 3 4 1 7 5 8 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A + – – – – – – – B + + – – – – – – C – + + + + – – – D – + + + + + – – E – + + + + – – – F – – – – – + + – G – – – – – – + + Taxa Genes maximal biclique = K 4,3
  • 43.
  • 44.