Use to study for Test.

1. Chapter 6 Review

2. The phase in which water exists is determined
by:
a.density and pressure.
b.density and salinity.
c.pressure and salinity.
d.temperature and pressure.
e.temperature and salinity.

3. Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring
water molecules because of:
a.electron sharing.
b.electron transfer.
c.polarity of water molecules.
d.surface tension.
e.viscosity of water.

4. The surface tension of water:
a.increases as density decreases.
b.is related to salinity.
c.is relatively high.
d.is relatively low.
e.is very similar to similar liquids.

5. Covalent bonds form between hydrogen and
oxygen atoms in a water molecule as a
result of the:
a.polarity of water molecules.
b.sharing of electrons between atoms.
c.surface tension of water.
d.transfer of electrons between atoms.
e.viscosity of water.

6. Many of the unique properties of water are
attributed to the fact that water:
a.contains hydrogen bonds.
b.exists in three phases at the Earth's
surface.
c.is a polar molecule.
d.is a universal solvent.
e.requires heat to condense.

7. The amount of energy that is necessary to
raise the temperature of one gram of water
by one degree oC is called the:
a.boiling point elevation.
b.calorie.
c.latent heat of condensation.
d.latent heat of evaporation.
e.thermal capacity.

8. Which property of water causes coastal
communities to have only moderate
differences in daily highs and lows when
compared to inland communities?
a.high heat capacity
b.high salinity
c.high viscosity
d.low heat capacity
e.low viscosity

9. Latent heat is used to:
a.break chemical bonds.
b.change molecular structure.
c.change states of matter.
d.change the temperature of a substance.
e.form chemical bonds.

10. A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure water
at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the
mixture as heat is added?
a. It immediately begins to rise slowly.
b. It remains constant until the ice melts; then it
begins to rise.
c. It rises rapidly as the ice melts.
d. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC; then it
remains constant as the ice melts.
e. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted.

11. When water evaporates from the ocean
surface:
a.energy is transferred from the atmosphere
to the remaining liquid.
b.sea surface temperature increases.
c.sea surface salinity decreases.
d.the remaining water is cooled.
e.the remaining water is warmed.

12. In comparison to most other liquids, the heat
capacity of water is:
a.a function of salinity.
b.about the same as other liquids.
c.higher than other liquids.
d.lower than other liquids.
e.related to solvent concentration.

13. The average salinity of sea water is:
a.0.35%.
b.2.0%.
c.3.5%.
d.10%.
e.25%.

14. The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:
a. ocean salinity varies as a function of season.
b. ocean salinity varies with geographical location.
c. the percentage of chloride varies with
geographical location.
d. the percentage of sodium varies with ocean
depth.
e. the relative concentration of seawater ions does
not change.

15. Which of the following statements regarding pH is
not true?
a. A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline.
b. As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.
c. Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a
solution.
d. pH will increase in areas of rapid plant or algal
growth.
e. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a
solution.

16. The average length of time that a chemical
substance resides in a reservoir is called its:
a.capacity time.
b.flow rate.
c.flux.
d.half-life.
e.residence time.

17. The impact of a pollutant on a coastal bay
might be estimated by knowing the
________ of the water in that bay.
a.carbonate concentration
b.depth
c.residence time
d.salinity
e.sediment load

18. For water, the solid phase:
a. has a greater density than the liquid phase.
b. has a lower density than the liquid phase.
c. occupies the same volume as the liquid phase.
d. occupies a smaller volume than the liquid phase.
e. weighs more than the same volume of liquid
water.

19. The transfer of water from the atmosphere
to the oceans to the continents is known as
the:
a.closed cycle.
b.geologic cycle.
c.hydrobiological cycle.
d.hydrologic cycle.
e.meteorological cycle

20. As the salinity of seawater increases, its:
a.density decreases.
b.heat capacity decreases.
c.residence time increases.
d.residence time decreases.
e.residence time does not change.

21. A rapid change in ocean temperature with
change in depth is the:
a.barocline.
b.halocline.
c.isocline.
d.pycnocline.
e.thermocline.

22. A rapid change in ocean density with
change in depth is the:
a.barocline.
b.halocline.
c.isocline.
d.pycnocline.
e.thermocline.

23. Heat must be ___________ to break
hydrogen bonds.
a. added
b. removed
c. remain unchanged
d. none of the above

24. ________ heat capacity and ___________
latent heats of water moderate changes in
temperature.
a. high, high
b. high, low
c. low, low
d. low, high

25. Ice is less dense than water because
_____________________________.
a. arrangement of molecules in
atomic structure
b. water reaches maximum density
at 00C
c. salinity is reached through latent
heat of condensation
d. hypersaline waters are reach
maximum density at 00C

26. Substances with ______________
residence times are ______________ and
have higher concentrations in seawater.
a. long, unreactive
b. long, reactive
c. short, unreactive
d. short, reactive

27. The Rappahannock River with an average
salinity less than 33 ppt would be
considered ______________.
a. brackish
b. hypersaline
c. normally salinity for rivers
d. none of the above

28. Substances dissolved in seawater that
change slowly through time or are in
constant proportions are______________ .
a. conservative constituents
b. nonconservative constituents
c. bipolar constituents
d. polar constituents

29. The amount of gas in seawater depends on
pressure, ______________, and ability to
escape to the atmosphere.
a. temperature
b. salinity
c. acidity
d. alkalinity

30. Two common non-conservative constituents
are _______ and ___________.
a. O2 and CO2
b. O2 and H2O
c. CO2 and N2
d. CO2 and H2O

31. Dissolved substances are added to the
oceans primarily by ______________.
a. rivers
b. precipitation
c. condensation
d. percolation

32. Which of the following does NOT remove
dissolved substances from the oceans?
a. salt spray
b. recycling through mid-ocean
ridges
c. biogenic sediments
d. evaporates
e. condensation

33. __________ seawater and ____________
seawater can hold ____________ dissolved
gas.
a. cooler, deeper, more
b. cooler, deeper, less
c. warmer, shallow, more
d. warmer, deeper, more

34. In surface oceans, O2 concentration is high
due to ____________________.
a. photosynthesis
b. dissolution
c. carbonation
d. decomposition
e. respiration

35. Below the photic zone, O2 concentration
decreases due to __________________.
a. decomposition and respiration
b. photosynthesis and respiration
c. carbonation and dissolution
d. respiration and carbonation

36. In surface oceans, CO2 concentration is low
because it is used in _________________.
a. photosynthesis
b. dissolution
c. carbonation
d. decomposition
e. respiration

37. Below the photic zone, CO2 concentration
increases due to ____________________.
a. decomposition and respiration
b. photosynthesis and respiration
c. carbonation and dissolution
d. respiration and carbonation

38. Acid releases a(n) ________ ion when
dissolved in water.
a. O-
b. Cl-
c. He
d. Na+
e. H+

39. What system keeps the pH of seawater
about the same?
a. carbonate buffering system
b. respiration recycling system
c. photosynthesis system
d. decomposition and respiration
system

40. Which of the following does not decrease
salinity of the oceans?
a. evaporation
b. precipitation
c. runoff
d. melting ice

41. Which of the following causes salinity at the
equator to be low?
a. rain
b. evaporation
c. formation of sea ice
d. none of the above