little information about ebola virus

3. Ebola
virus
definition
Symptoms
and
Diagnostic
transmission
Treatment
Prevention

5. Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a virus.
There are five strains,
and four of them
can make people
sick

6. Ebola is a virus in the
family Filoviridae and
the genus Ebolavirus.
Five virus species have
been identified, four of
which are known to
cause disease in
humans

7. The virus is transmitted
to people from wild
animals and spreads in
the human population
Through human-to-
human transmission.

8. Ebola first appeared in 1976 in a simultaneous
outbreak in the areas that are now Sudan and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, according to
the World Health Organization (WHO). Since
then, there have been sporadic outbreaks in
Africa.

9. The first Ebola case in
the United States was
confirmed by the CDC
on Sept. 30, 2014. The
patient, Thomas Eric
Duncan, who had spent
time in Liberia before
traveling to the United
State

10. The most recent Ebola
outbreak began in
March
The total number of
deaths from Ebola in
2014 is 3,865; the
current fatality rate is
50 percent.

12. • muscle aches
• fever
• vomiting
• red eyes
• skin rash
• diarrhea
• stomach pain
Early symptoms :--1

14. Early
signs & symptoms very similar to
other infections

15. Like flu due to fever &sore trough

16. 2-Acute symptoms

18.  PCR detection
 ELISA (enzyme-linked
immuno-absorbant) assay

19. Because the natural reservoir host of Ebola viruses has not yet
been identified, the way in which the virus first appears in a
human at the start of an outbreak is unknown. However,
scientists believe that the first patient becomes infected
through contact with an infected animal, such as a fruit bat or
primate (apes and monkeys), which is called a spillover event.
Person-to-person transmission follows and can lead to large
numbers of affected people. In some past Ebola outbreaks,
primates were also affected by Ebola and multiple spillover
events occurred when people touched or ate infected primates.

20. 1. Animal -to-person transmission
2. Object -to-person transmission
3. Person -to-person transmission
• Infected fruit bats or primates (apes and monkeys)
• objects (like needles and syringes) that have been
contaminated with the virus
• blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with Ebola

21. Ebola has been detected in blood and many body
fluids. Body fluids include saliva, mucus, vomit,
feces, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine, and semen.
What are body fluids?
There is no evidence indicating that Ebola virus is
spread by coughing or sneezing. the virus is not
transmitted through the air (like measles virus).
However, droplets (e.g., splashes or sprays) of
respiratory or other secretions from a person who is
sick with Ebola could be infectious
Can Ebola be spread by coughing or sneezing?

22. Ebola can survive for several hours; however, virus in body
fluids (such as blood) can survive up to several days at
room temperature.
Recovery from Ebola depends on good supportive clinical
care and a patient’s immune response. Available evidence
shows that people who recover from Ebola infection develop
antibodies that last for at least 10 years, possibly longer.
But scientists don’t know if people who recover are immune
for life or if they can become infected with a different
species of Ebola
Are patients who recover from Ebola immune for life? Can
they get it again - the same or a different strain?

23. Once someone recovers from Ebola, they can no
longer spread the virus. However, Ebola virus has
been found in semen for up to 3 months.
There is no evidence that mosquitoes or other insects can
transmit Ebola virus. Only mammals (for example,
humans, bats, monkeys and apes) have shown the ability
to spread and become infected with Ebola virus
Can Ebola be spread through mosquitoes?

28. One of the key steps in any virus infection occurs very early in an
infection cycle. That is the step where a virus binds to and enters a
cell in a susceptible host organism. Because viruses are too small to
reproduce on their own, they must invade a host cell in order to
multiply and produce thousand copies of themselves that can then
go on to infect other organisms and continue with its infection cycle.
Many viruses require a specific protein or other molecule on the
surface of the host cell (the receptor) which allows the virus to pass
into a cell of a host organism. If an organism or cell type does not
possess this particular receptor, the virus is unable to infect that
organism or cell type. After considering that this receptor acts like a
‘key’ for any virus to infect; it is known to be the most hallmark
information for scientists. So once they could identify these
molecules, they will take steps forward in terms of preventing Ebola
virus from entering into a cell and initiating an infection.

29. exactly how the Ebola virus enters cells is unknown at
present.
It is known that in humans, the Ebola virus appears to infect
many different cell types.
. Ebola is also thought to have a wide host range, since it is
capable of infecting diverse mammalian species, including
primates, rodents, and bats .

30. The virologist Dr. Richard Sutton from Department of
Molecular Virology and Microbiology at Baylor College of
Medicine, Texas ,US; has been studying Ebola virus for a
long time. He studied a group of proteins named the ((Tyro3
family)) that might mediate entry of Ebola virus into cells,
so he thought that if he reduces their levels; he might see a
less infection by Ebola. However, they observed little effect
on Ebola virus infection so he put away those family genes
to be related on Ebola virus entrance mechanism.

31. ZMapp. American scientists develop a new compound called ZMapp
which has been tested in two patients in the USA,
ZMapp itself is made up of proteins called monoclonal antibodies,
which bind to the Ebola virus rendering it harmless. The drug is made
by infecting mice with a protein from the Ebola virus, and then
modifying the mice’s antibodies to more closely resemble human ones.
The results then need to be produced in large volumes, so scientists
have turned to an interesting ally: plants. A gene from the modified
antibodies is introduced to the leaves of tobacco plants, The leaves
then produce the intended monoclonal “plantibody” proteins. It only
takes about a week before the leaves can be harvested and the protein
extracted and purified. Plus, it’s inexpensive compared to the traditional
method of growing these genetically modified mouse cells in labs

33. An experimental drug called ZMapp, which contains a cocktail of three
antibodies that fight the Ebola virus, has successfully treated 18 monkeys
infected with the deadly disease, researchers reported today. The new
results raise hope that the drug may also work in people who are infected
in the current Ebola in West Africa

35. Good outbreak control relies on applying a
package of interventions, a good laboratory
service, surveillance and contact tracing.
Community engagement is key to successfully
controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk
factors for Ebola infection and protective measures
that individuals can take is an effective way to
reduce human transmission.

36. -Avoid contact with infected
fruit bats or monkeys/apes
and the consumption of their
raw meat.
-Animal products (blood and
meat) should be thoroughly
cooked before consumption.

37. -Animals should be handled with gloves and other
appropriate protective clothing.
* Reducing the risk of human-to-
human transmission:
-Avoid direct or close contact with
people with Ebola symptoms,
particularly with their bodily fluids.

38. -Gloves and appropriate personal
protective equipment should be
worn when taking care of ill
patients at home.
-Regular hand washing is required
after visiting patients in hospital,
as well as after taking care of
patients at home.

39. Health-care workers should always take
standard precautions when caring for patients,
regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These
include:
- basic hand
hygiene.

40. - use of personal protective equipment
such as clothing and bedding, they
should wear face protection (a face
shield or a medical mask and goggles),
a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown,
and gloves (sterile gloves for some
procedures), to block splashes or other
contact with infected materials.
- safe injection practices and safe
burial practices.

41. WHO aims to prevent Ebola outbreaks by
maintaining surveillance for Ebola virus disease
and supporting at-risk countries to developed
preparedness plans.

42. When an outbreak is detected WHO responds
by supporting surveillance, community
engagement, case management, laboratory
services, contact tracing, infection control,
logistical support and training and
assistance with safe burial practices.

43. In October2014, WHO and theLiberian MinistryofHealth,with support
fromUSAIDcreateda trainingprogram forhealthworkers who are treating
patientswithEbola.Theprogramfocuses on patientcare, infection
prevention and control. Six Ebola survivors are helpingwiththe project,to
givean insidelookatwhatit is liketohave thedisease.

44. Companiesare alsoproducing machinesthatwillmakedisinfectioneasier
forclinics andhospitals.Forexample,medicaldevice makerXenex,based
in San Antonio,Texas,has developeda robotthatuses pulses ofultraviolet
UV-Crays to disinfecthospitalrooms.The device, calledLittleMoe,is
beingused by 250hospitalsin theUnitedStates,includingthe hospital
thattreatedthefirst U.S.Ebola patient.The companyclaimsitcan rid any
roomofEbolain two minutes.