2. What is Learning ?
…a sense that an individual is not merely a
property nature, set in place according to a
scheme independent of him… but that he add
something, that he makes contribution.
(John Dewey,1938,1958)
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3. What is Learning ?
Human being are unique among all living organism
in that their primary adaptive specialization lies not
in some particular physical form or skill or fits in
ecological niche, but rather in identification with the
process of adaptation itself-in the process of
learning. (Kolb, 1984)
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4. What is Learning ?
Learning is any permanent change in
behavior brought about by experience or
practice
(Ciccareli & Meyer, 2006)
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5. What is Learning ?
Learning is any relatively durable change in
behavior or knowledge that is due to
experience
(Weiten, 2008)
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6. What is Learning ?
Leaning is generally define as all relatively
permanent changes in potential for behaviors
that result from experience but are not caused
by fatigue, maturation, drugs, injury or disease
(Lefranqois, 2006)
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7. What is Learning ?
Learning is a social process based on
carefully cultivated experience which
challenges every precept and concept of what
nowadays passes for “teaching” (Bennis, 1984)
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8. The future learning society represents a
personal challenge for millions of adults who
find learning is no longer ‘for kids” but a
central lifelong task essential for personal
development and career success (Kolb, 1984)
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9. What is Learning ?
Memory is an active system that receives
information from the senses, organizes and
alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves
the information from storage (Ciccarelli & Meyer, 2006)
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11. 3 Phase Memory Process
Short Long
Sensory selective encoding
Term Term
Memory attention retrieval
Memory Memory
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12. Short Term Memory
Maintenance rehearsal, practice of saying
some information to be remembered over an
over in one’s head in order to maintain it in
short term memory (Ciccarelli & Meyer, 2006)
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14. Long Term Memory
Elaborative rehearsal, a method of
transferring information from STM into LTM by
making that information meaningful in
someway (Ciccarelli & Meyer, 2008)
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15. Kolb’s
Learning
Style Concrete
Experience [1]
Testing in New Observation and
Situation [3] Reflection [2]
Forming Abstract
Concept [3]
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16. Kolb’s
Concrete
Learning Experience
Style Feeling
Accommodating Diverging
(feel and do) (feel and watch)
AC/AE CE/RO
Perce
ption
Conti
Active Reflective
Processing nuum Continuum
Experimentation Observation
How we How Do things
Doing Watching
we
think
about
Converging Assimilating
things
(think and do) (think and watch)
AC/AE AC/RO
Abstract
Page 16 Conceptualization
Thinking
17. Learning Style Learning Description
Characteristic
Converger Abstract strong in practical
Conceptualization + application of ideas
Active Experimentation can focus on hypo-
deductive reasoning on
specific problems
Unemotional
has narrow interest
Diverger Concrete Experience + strong in imaginative
Reflective Observation ability
good at generating ideas
and seeing things from
different perspectives
interested in people
broad cultural interest
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18. Learning Style Learning Description
Characteristic
Assimilator Abstract strong ability to create
Conceptualization + theoretical models
Reflective Observation excels in inductive
reasoning
concerned with abstract
concepts rather than people
Accommodator Concrete Experience + greatest strength is doing
Active Experimentation things
more of risk taker
performs well when
required to react to
immediate circumstances
solves problems intuitively
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