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How a Guitar Works,[object Object],Ryan Stebich,[object Object],PHY 205-01,[object Object]
Guitars are the most popular and common instrument of the string family. The guitar has been around for thousands of years and is still prominent in modern music. While a guitar is not the most complicated instrument there still is a lot of physics behind the process of making sound from a string. To fully understand how a guitar works we first need to understand what exactly sound is, so that’s where we’ll start.,[object Object],GUITARS,[object Object]
Sound is energy in the form of waves caused by vibration,[object Object],Formed when air particles vibrate from the vibrating object around them and travel in wave shapes called longitudinal waves. ,[object Object],The waves are made up of areas of high pressure called “compressions” and areas of low pressure called “rarefactions”,[object Object],WHAT IS SOUND?,[object Object]
WAVE LENGTH,[object Object],The wave length of a sound wave is one complete cycle of the wave at two equal successive points. (one compression and rarefaction),[object Object],AMPLITUDE,[object Object],The amplitude is the height of the wave. The higher the amplitude the louder the wave. ,[object Object],PARTS OF A SOUND WAVE,[object Object]
FREQUENCY,[object Object],The frequency of a sound wave is the number of cycles that pass a certain point in a second. Frequency is measured in Hertz. Another way of talking about frequency is pitch. They are basically the same thing. The higher a sound’s pitch is the higher the frequency of the wave. Pitch is usually associated with music. 				,[object Object],		VIDEO OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES,[object Object],http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igGroIcga3g&feature=related,[object Object],PARTS OF A SOUND WAVE,[object Object]
PARTS OF A GUITAR,[object Object]
The most important part to a guitar sound is the strings,[object Object],Modern guitar strings are usually made from either nylon or steel, nickel, and bronze. ,[object Object],They are stretched from the bridge of the guitar over the body and fret board, against the nut and into the tuners (which adjusts the tension of the strings to the desired notes).,[object Object],When the guitar player plucks the strings it causes them to vibrate which causes the air around the string to vibrate thus making a sound wave.,[object Object],The frequency  that a string produces is determined by the mass, length, and tension of the string. ,[object Object],Heavier strings vibrate more slowly,[object Object],Higher tension raises the pitch,[object Object],Shorting the string raises the pitch,[object Object],STRINGS,[object Object]
Strings are fixed at each end which is why they are able to vibrate. The parts of the string that are unable to vibrate are called the nodes. The parts where vibration is present are called antinodes. ,[object Object],When the string is plucked the note we hear is called the fundamental  frequency or the 1st harmonic.  There are also many other frequencies that are produced when the string is plucked. These other frequencies are called “Harmonics” or “Overtones”. ,[object Object],STRINGS,[object Object]
When a string is plucked it vibrates in more than one way. The string vibrates in many different shapes and directions which produce many different amplitudes and frequency waves which are called harmonics. ,[object Object],The string can vibrate as if it was two half strings with a node in the middle or as three third-strings and so on. ,[object Object],The harmonics are not regular sound waves they are called standing waves because they do not travel.,[object Object],Harmonics are what causes a guitar to sound the way it does and not just boring simple sounds.  ,[object Object],Good Animation: http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/waves/standingWaves/standingWaves1/StandingWaves1.html,[object Object],HARMONICS,[object Object]
ACOUSTIC GUITAR,[object Object],BODY,[object Object]
If it wasn’t for the body of aguitar the vibration of the strings would barely be audible. The body of the guitar amplifies the sound of the strings so the sound can be heard. ,[object Object],When the player plucks the guitars strings, the strings vibrate, which transfers the mechanical energy down the strings to the guitars bridge which is attached to the guitars body. When the energy is transferred to the bridge it cause the top plate (also called the soundboard) of the body to vibrate as well.  The sound board is usually made form a thin piece of wood with bracing on the underside to support the soundboard but this bracing also has a significant impact on the sound the guitar makes. ,[object Object],GUITAR BODY,[object Object],BRIDGE,[object Object]
[object Object]
When the molecules of air closest to the soundboard start vibrating they bump into the other particles around them and they start to vibrate and so on.
The air particles inside the body are vibrating at a common frequency which is the sound that is produced.
 All the air inside the body of the guitar is vibrating and this sound and vibrating air has to go somewhere. BODY,[object Object]
The sound hole is where all the vibrating air and sound escapes from the guitar’s body. Which is how the sound of the instrument is projected to the listeners. ,[object Object],SOUNDHOLE,[object Object]
ELECTRIC GUITAR,[object Object],BODIES & ELECTRONICS,[object Object]
The only real differences between electric guitars and acoustic guitars is that electric guitars have a solid wood body and they have electronic pickups to amplify the sound. They also have all the electronic wiring and controls need to work the guitar. ,[object Object],ELECTRIC GUITAR,[object Object]

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How A Guitar Works

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  • 13. When the molecules of air closest to the soundboard start vibrating they bump into the other particles around them and they start to vibrate and so on.
  • 14. The air particles inside the body are vibrating at a common frequency which is the sound that is produced.
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