2. BRUNTLAND REPORT
(1987)
“sustainability - meeting the
needs of the present
generation without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs”
3. 2 Schools of Thought
1. Sustainability meant that the
level of individual capital
stocks must be maintained for
future generations (strong
sustainability proponents)
2. The total capital stock must
be maintained but it is possible
to deplete one stock in order
to increase another (weak
sustainability proponents)
4. Capital Stock
• Can be used for reproduction
that will either be consumed or
invested back.
5. Four Types of Capital Stock
Human – population, welfare, health,
workforce, educational and skill base
Physical – machinery, equipment, buildings
Environmental – man-made and natural
resources
Socio-cultural – well-being, social cohesion,
empowerment,
equity, cultural heritage
8. 3 Fundamental Components
acc to WTO:
•
•
•
Make optimal use of environmental resources
(Environmental Protection)
Ensure viable, long term economic operations,
providing economic benefits to all stakeholders
(Economic Growth)
Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host
communities (Social Equity)
9. • Set limits for the future
growth of tourism in each
destination
• Change the behavior of the
stakeholders in the tourism
industry to make the
products currently provided
more sustainable
• Replace the current tourism
products with new products
that are sustainable
10. Economic Aspects
• The economic impacts means that
tourism competed with other
industries for the use of factors of
production
– Stimulate price inflation
– Attracts workers from rural
areas who may have bee
employed in the traditional
industries
– Scarce investments funds may
be attracted to the tourism
industry on the promise of rapid
returns
11. Environmental Aspects
•
•
•
•
•
•
Airlines are responsible for a major
source of air pollution
Tourism competes for land use and
depletes the natural environmental stock
Tourism activities can be severely
disruptive to biodiversity
Increased use of fossil fuels for energy
consumption
Construction of roads, airports and sea
ports to cater for the travel tourists
Introduction of large number of visitors
to environmentally fragile areas will
always be accompanied by tension
between the natural environment and
tourism
12. Socio-cultural Aspects
• Commercialization process that
will sooner or later change the
local customs and traditions
• Demonstration of behavior,
dress and customs alter the
corresponding behavior, dress
and customs of the local
residents.
14. Sustainability Principles
Refer to environmental, economic and socio-cultural
aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance
must be established between these dimensions to
guarantee its long term sustainability.
16. Cultural
Sustainability
Ability of people to
retain
or
adapt
elements of their
culture that makes
them different. It is
also
refers
to
retaining a degree of
local cultural identity
in the face of global
tourism
17. Social
Sustainability
`
The ability of a community to absorb extra
people for short or long periods of time
and continue functioning without
disharmony or social change
18. Ecological
Sustainability
Make optimal use
of environmental
resources that
constitute a key
element in
tourism
development,
maintaining
essential
ecological
processes and
helping to
conserve natural
heritage and
biodiversity.
19. Economic
Sustainability
It is the level of
economic
gain from any
tourism
activity which
needs to
be sufficient
to cover the
costs of any
special
measures
taken to
cater for the
tourist and
to mitigate the impact of tourist’s presence
20. Talks about the
conserving of the
diversity of plants
and animals that live
in the world and
sometimes includes
the concept of
conserving the
various genetic
strains with-in
species as well as
the actual species
themselves.
Conservation
Element
21. Educational
Element
It is the enlightenment of the new tourist in the cultural
ways and norms of those they are visiting – an education
for its own sake. The training of the ‘hosts’ so that they are
better able to cater for the wishes of the new middle
classes who visit them.
25. Cultural Heritage
• The more unusual the
cultural background, the
more attractive a
destination may become
to potential tourists, and
the more likely it is to be
adversely affected by the
presence of tourists.
26. Environment
• The environment will be changed
by the presence of tourists no
matter how sympathetic they may
be or how careful the tourism
activity is planned
• Artificial environment is more
resilient to tourism impacts than
natural environment
• The more fragile and unique an
environment is, the more
vulnerable it is to change from the
presence of humans
27. Economic Structure
•
•
•
The more developed and industrialized
the economy, the more robust and
adaptable it will be
As economies grow and diversify, so too
do the skills of the workforce
Tourism development may bring with it
the economic problems associated with
– Migration from rural to urban areas
– The transfer of labor from traditional
industries to tourism and its related
industries
28. Political Structure
• Political instability will deter
tourists and therefore hinder
tourism development
• Political structure may have
different influences on tourism
development
29. Resources
•
When resources are scarce,
competition for them will be high and
the opportunity cost of using these
resources for tourism will also be
high
•
Tourism development may also
result in the development of
infrastructure that may increase the
carrying capacity level
31. Tourist
Characteristics
• The greater the difference between the
host’s and the tourist’s social and cultural
backgrounds, the greater the impact and
consequent change
• Will also include as expenditure patterns,
mode of transport, structure and size of
party, age, educational background,
income and purpose of visit
32. Types of Tourist
Activity
• The presence of certain
activities can bring specific
social problems and stresses
that are far greater in
magnitude than those
associated with the same
number of tourists
undertaking different activities
33. Planning, management
and technology
• Changes in technology will have
direct and indirect effects on the
difficulties associated with the
planning and management tasks
• The more successful the planning and
management, the lower will be the
levels of negative impacts and the
greater will be the carrying capacity
37. Carrying Capacity
Determination
• If carrying capacity is
exceeded with respect to any
of the impact areas, the
tourism development process
will be hindered and the
development may be
considered unsustainable
38. Sustainability as strategy
•
•
•
•
It is widely used in
tourism and in the
world
Societies seek to use
their resources more
efficient
It can be used to
achieve different goals
Can adopt longer term
time frame
39. Sustainable Development
•
•
The term “ sustainable development” was first
used internationally at the 1972 UN Conference.
To sustain means to hold up, to bear, to support,
to relieve/prolong from the Latin word sustineo.
42. Before You Go
• Think about where your
money goes when booking
your holiday.
• When you’re finished with your
holiday brochures, pass them
to a friend or recycle them.
• Pack appropriately
• Small gifts from home can be
a great way to say thank you
to your hosts
43. Shop responsibly
• Help the economy by buying
local produce
• Haggling can be fun, but don’t
be obsessed with getting the
lowest price
• Don’t buy products made from
endangered species,
hardwoods, shells, or ancient
artifacts
44. Respect the Local Culture
•
Speaking at least a few words of the
local language can make a big
impression
•
Realize that the people in the country
you are visiting often have different
time concepts and thought patterns
from your own
•
Displaying expensive cameras or
jewelry, particularly in very poor
communities, may distance you from
the culture you’ve come to
experience.
45. Use Natural Resources Sparingly
• Help conserve resources in your
hotel, lodge or camp by turning off (or
down) heating, air conditioning, lights
and the TV when not required. Linens
can be reused
• Use public transport, or hike a bike or
walk where possible
• Don’t discard litter. Use
biodegradable products, reuse
bottles, plastic bags and other
containers and take used batteries
home with you.
46. Don't litter. Try to carry your own shopping bag to avoid
contributing to the plastic problem in many countries of the
world.
Conserve water. Take shorter showers.
Always ask before taking photographs. If someone says no,
respect their wishes.
Dress respectively. Cover up away from the beach. Cover your
head in religious places. Notice local dress codes and adhere to
them.
Do not give pens, candy or other gifts to local children - it
fosters a begging economy. If you wish to donate, contact a
local school or tour operator who can ensure the gifts are
distributed fairly and properly.
Do not support the illegal drug trade or the sex trade.
