End of year PG Cert presentation

1. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
Project 5 Presentation:
17th May 2013
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex

2. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
What do we mean by ‘energy use’ in this context?
How do we measure energy use in dwellings?
The energy required for the space heating, ventilation, water heating and
lighting of a dwelling.
Where does the energy used in dwellings come from?
Energy used may be from the electricity grid, the combustion of natural
gas, fossil fuels and biomass, renewable technologies (solar, wind, etc.)
BER assessment: an indication of the energy performance of a dwelling.
In-use measurement: monitoring energy bills.

3. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
What is energy use measured in?
What is primary and delivered energy usage in dwellings?
There are many units that energy is expressed in
(Joules, Calories, Horsepower, BTU, etc.)
Kilowatt-hours (kWh) of Energy are used in BER assessments.
What can one Kilowatt-hour do?
Run a 11W CFL Bulb for 90 hours.
Run a 3kW kettle for 20 minutes.
Run a 20kW Gas boiler for 3 minutes.
Delivered energy is the amount of energy
expended at the point of use. e.g. The energy
measured at the electricity meter.
Primary energy is the total amount of energy used
including the energy requirements for the conversion
of primary sources (oil, gas, peat) and the transferring
of the energy to the dwelling.
e.g. Energy used in oil refining and electricity losses
during transmission.

4. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Source: SEAI Energy Statistics
Databank from www.cso.ie
Irish Energy Use by Sector for 2011 Transport (40%)
Residential (25%)
Industry (20%)
Commercial services
(7%)
Public services (5%)
Agricultural and
Fisheries (3%)
Importance of creating sustainable
energy supply for dwellings

5. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Sustainable Energy / Energy Conservation
There are many reasons why dwellings should be made more energy efficient:
Societal:
no fuel poverty, national fuel
security, health and wellbeing, ensuring
sustainable energy supply for future
generations.
Financial:
Lower operating costs, less wastage
(through inefficiency), counteract
increasing oil & gas prices.
Environmental:
Reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, reduce airborne particles and
pollution, less mining, fracking or oil
drilling.

6. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Conservation Targets and Controls
International Policy Drivers:
• Kyoto Protocol
• EU Climate and Energy Package
(20-20-20 targets)
• Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
(2002/91/EC and Re-cast 2010/31/EU)
• EU Renewable Energy Supply - Electricity
Directive
National Policy Drivers:
• National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2
(NEEAP)
• National Spatial Strategy
• National Development Plan
• National Climate Change Strategy
National Regulations & Guidance
Documents:
• Part L (2011) Conservation of Fuel and
Energy
• Part F (2009) Ventilation
• Part J (1997) Heat Producing Appliances

7. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Conservation and Retrofit
Similar benefits exist as to why retrofit is a progressive policy in relation to both
monetary expenditure and energy expenditure.
• Existing building structure.
• Embodied energy of existing building.
• Embodied CO2 of existing building.
• Future-proofing of asset.
• Existing Infrastructure.
• Existing Local Services.
• Existing Communities
• Quicker return on investment
through lifecycle cost savings

8. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
DEAP Assessment Tool
The Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure (DEAP) is the official Irish method
for calculating and assessing the energy required in dwellings.
Used to demonstrate compliance with the EPBD and elements of Part L.
DEAP calculates the primary energy per square meter per annum. ( kWh/m²/y )
The BER grade is based on this figure.
Items included in calculations of the required energy input:
• Space Heating – fabric heat loss (planar + LTB), ventilation heat loss.
• Domestic Hot Water – based on floor areas / occupancy and efficiency of
boiler and controls and insulation of pipework.
• Lighting – proportion of energy efficiency lightbulbs
• Fans and pumps – for ventilation (heat recovery), for renewables (pump
SHW), for flues (in boilers).
Energy use that DEAP doesn’t count:
• Non-fixed appliances and heaters.
• Energy used to construct building and produce building fabric.
• Actual in-use measurements.

9. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
DEAP Calculator as a Design Tool
During the design process DEAP can be used to measure the progress of the
proposal to meet any energy performance targets set.
Input geometry and
areas of proposal.
Input ventilation
systems
Input u-values of
Fabric.
Input lighting
values.
Input window u-values
and orientation.
Input SH & DHW
system specifications
Check Preliminary
Result
Redesign proposal
(if required)

10. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Targets Set in Flat Top Block
Retrofit Performance Specification
• Hygrothermal analysis for all enclosing elements using the Glaser (steady
state) method in accordance with Irish Building Regulations.
• Surface temperature/condensation risk (fRsi) calculation for internal surfaces
of the thermal envelope in ground and fifth floor rooms adjacent to the gable
in accordance with Irish Building Regulations.
• Full compliance with Irish Building Regulations as if it were a new building.
• BER of A2 using the DEAP methodology (with calculated y-factor).
Criteria indirectly affecting energy strategy.

11. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Use in Average Dwelling in Existing Flat Top Block
Unit 9 located in the Long Block. BER grade of E1 & Primary Energy of 316kWh/m²/y
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Space Heating Water Heating Lighting Pumps and Fans
Delivered Energy
Primary Energy
Renewable Energy
kWh/y

12. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Use in Average Dwelling in Retrofitted Flat Top Block
Mid Floor Type A2 Unit. BER grade of A2 & Primary Energy of 37kWh/m²/y
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Space Heating Water Heating Lighting Pumps and Fans
Delivered Energy
Primary Energy
Renewable Energy
kWh/y

13. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Heat Loss Comparison - Existing and Retrofit
Unit 9 located in the Long Block. BER grade of E1 & Primary Energy of 316kWh/m²/y
-v-
Mid Floor Type A2 Unit. BER grade of A2 & Primary Energy of 37kWh/m²/y
0
50
100
150
200
250
Ventilation Fabric - Planar Fabric - LTB
Existing Building
Proposed Retrofit
W/K

14. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Methods Employed to improve Energy
Performance in Flat Top Block Retrofit
Improvement of u-values of
building envelope.
Reduction of heat loss through
linear thermal bridges
Increased air-tightness of
envelope.
Group heating system with high
efficiency, and Solar Thermal
Panels and CHP incorporated.

15. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
The Benefits of Renewable Energy Production
For the environment: Renewables
reduce the need to burn fossil fuels
and thus reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. It is a more sustainable
energy system.
Financially: After the initial expenditure the energy costs from renewables are
negligible in comparison to energy utility costs. Payback period from reduced
utility bills varies for different technologies and projects.
There are many varieties of
renewable technologies available
to choose from:
solar thermal, photovoltaic
panels, micro-wind
power, biomass combustion, heat
pumps, etc.

16. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
The importance of Renewable Energy Production
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and
Solar thermal were employed in the
Flat Top Block Retrofit proposal.
Within DEAP: The net energy produced by the technology is subtracted
from delivered energy in the DEAP assessment. Thus the associated primary
energy factor and CO2 emissions are reduced.
Flat plate solar panels have been
shown above the balcony areas and on
the main roof. These provide a
substantial proportion of heat energy to
the DHW and SH systems.
While gas fired CHP is not considered to be a
renewable energy source, the lack of transmission
losses allow for much greater electrical
efficiencies and lower CO2 emissions within the
scheme. Other micro-generation systems have a
similar advantage.
TGD Part L: The minimum requirements for dwellings is 10 kWh/m²/y
contributing to water and space heating or 4 kWh/m²/y to electrical energy.

17. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Use versus Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Different fuels and energy sources
have varying CO2 emission factors.
Some examples are shown in the
table to the right.
TGD Part L prescribes the Maximum Permitted Carbon Performance Coefficient
(MPCPC) for dwellings as 0.46.
The average MPCPC for the dwellings in the existing building is approximately 1.8.
The average MPCPC for the Flat Top Block design proposal is 0.235 which
indicates that the proposed scheme will comply with the requirements of Part L for
CO2 emissions.
Primary energy
factor
CO2 emission
factor
[kg/kWh]
Gas mains gas 1.1 0.203
Oil heating oil 1.1 0.272
Solid fuel
manufactured smokeless
fuel 1.2 0.392
peat briquettes 1.1 0.377
wood logs 1.1 0.025
Electricity electricity 2.42 0.524
Group
heating
waste heat from power
stations 1.1 0.057

18. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy in the Retrofit Context - Reflections
A successful retrofit scheme will deliver
a building that will be sustainable and
future-friendly.
This will largely be achieved
through a robust and highly
efficient energy strategy for the
proposed dwellings.
The cost of implementing a retrofit scheme
should be lower than that of constructing a
new-build similar project. Thus the payback
period for renewable technology and highly
insulated fabric should be achieved in a
shorter period.
Ultimately what will determine the success of
the project is the increased health, wellbeing
and quality of life for the residents.