1. Masonry Loadbearing Wall…….NOT!Masonry Loadbearing Wall…….NOT!

3. Anchorage & TiesAnchorage & Ties

4. Anchorage & TiesAnchorage & Ties
Fig. 10.1

5. Anchorage & TiesAnchorage & Ties

6. GroutGrout
• A “high performance” mortarA “high performance” mortar
• High slump easier to flowHigh slump easier to flow
• Reinforcing in cells and betweenReinforcing in cells and between
wythes of masonrywythes of masonry
• For adhesion (epoxy grout)For adhesion (epoxy grout)
• For bearing (under concrete andFor bearing (under concrete and
steel columns) to level andsteel columns) to level and
transfer loadstransfer loads

7. flashing over wall
openings

9. Post-tensioning : threaded high-
strength bars joined with
threaded couplers. At the base
the bar is anchored to a
threaded insert epoxied into a
drilled hole in the concrete
foundation. At the top, the bar
passes through a steel plate. the
nut at the top end of the bar is
tightened, the masonry wall is
placed in greater compression..

10. • Composite WallsComposite Walls
• More economicMore economic
• Multiple wythesMultiple wythes
• Stone/brick on exteriorStone/brick on exterior
• CMU (back-up) on interiorCMU (back-up) on interior
• Joined together with reinforcingJoined together with reinforcing
• Grout or mortar between wythesGrout or mortar between wythes

11. • Cavity WallsCavity Walls
• Exterior wallsExterior walls
• Two wythesTwo wythes
• Inner wythe for structural supportInner wythe for structural support
• Outer wythe for veneerOuter wythe for veneer
• Resists moisture and heat transferResists moisture and heat transfer
• Wythes separated byWythes separated by airspaceairspace
• Insulation & DrainageInsulation & Drainage
• Wythes joined with masonryWythes joined with masonry tiesties

12. Reinforced Masonry WallsReinforced Masonry Walls

13. Monadnock building,Monadnock building,
18911891
Last unreinforced masonry load
bearing highrise structure built
based on traditional “rules”
 215 ft high
 16 story
 6 ft thick wall at base
Interior cast iron frame
Very small ground floor spaces

14. Texas School Book DepositoryTexas School Book Depository
Loadbearing brick masonry walls
Internal timber columns and beams
Type 3 – Ordinary Construction

15. Vertical reinforcement required toVertical reinforcement required to
resist loadsresist loads

16. Structural bondStructural bond
beams supportbeams support
floor and rooffloor and roof

17. Detail of 16 inch structural bondDetail of 16 inch structural bond
beambeam

18. Exterior CMU bearing wall and steel joistExterior CMU bearing wall and steel joist

19. Detail: Steel joist bears on bond beam,Detail: Steel joist bears on bond beam,
end inserted into void in wallend inserted into void in wall

20. Floor joists supported onFloor joists supported on
reinforced concrete bond beamreinforced concrete bond beam

21. Location of reinforcement in CMULocation of reinforcement in CMU
wallwall

22. Interior CMU bearing wall and hollow-coreInterior CMU bearing wall and hollow-core
slabslab

23. Detail: hollow-core floor slab @ CMU wallDetail: hollow-core floor slab @ CMU wall

24. Exterior CMU bearing wall and hollow-coreExterior CMU bearing wall and hollow-core
slabslab

25. Exterior CMU bearing wall and wood lightExterior CMU bearing wall and wood light
frameframe

26. Effects of modularity on dimensionsEffects of modularity on dimensions

27. Sloped coping at top of wallSloped coping at top of wall

28. Applications for masonry wallsApplications for masonry walls

29. Masonry Wall TypesMasonry Wall Types
• Reinforced WallsReinforced Walls
• Composite WallsComposite Walls
• Cavity WallsCavity Walls

31. Anchorage & TiesAnchorage & Ties
• Holds masonry to wallHolds masonry to wall
• Ties wythes of masonryTies wythes of masonry
• to one anotherto one another
• To supporting substrates (wood, concrete, steel)To supporting substrates (wood, concrete, steel)
• Must resist lateral loads but…..Must resist lateral loads but…..
• Must allow for horizontal and vertical movementMust allow for horizontal and vertical movement
• Usually hot-dipped galvanized coated or stainless steelUsually hot-dipped galvanized coated or stainless steel
• Many different methods & types usedMany different methods & types used

32. Reinforcing & AnchorageReinforcing & Anchorage
• Brick & Stone VeneerBrick & Stone Veneer
AnchorageAnchorage
• Anchor brick to “back-upAnchor brick to “back-up
wallwall
• Typically - galvanizedTypically - galvanized
wirewire
• Cast in joint, or “nailed” toCast in joint, or “nailed” to
surfacesurface

34. FlashingFlashing
Prevents and directs moisture/water outPrevents and directs moisture/water out
• ExternalExternal
• To prevent moisture penetration atTo prevent moisture penetration at
• Wall intersectionsWall intersections
• Wall/roof intersectionsWall/roof intersections
• Changes in materialChanges in material
• InternalInternal
• Directs moisture in the wall out throughDirects moisture in the wall out through
weep holesweep holes

35. External FlashingExternal Flashing
• TypesTypes
• Cap flashing -Cap flashing -
• To p o f wallsTo p o f walls
• Edg e o f ro o fsEdg e o f ro o fs
• Counter flashingCounter flashing
• Wall/ ro o f inte rse ctio nWall/ ro o f inte rse ctio n
• Ofte n two pie ce s - o ne in wall/ o ne attache dOfte n two pie ce s - o ne in wall/ o ne attache d

36. FlashingFlashing

37. FlashingFlashing
Internal FlashingInternal Flashing
• ““Through Wall”Through Wall” oror
Concealed FlashingConcealed Flashing
• Continuous sheet ofContinuous sheet of
Copper, plastic,Copper, plastic,
rubber/bituminousrubber/bituminous
• Attached to backup wallAttached to backup wall
& run through to the& run through to the
outside of the masonryoutside of the masonry
• Collects waterCollects water
• that has penetrated wallthat has penetrated wall
• Allows it drainAllows it drain

38. Internal FlashingInternal Flashing
• Drainage Through “Weeps”Drainage Through “Weeps”
• Placed 24 to 32 in o.c.Placed 24 to 32 in o.c.
• Rope, plastic, metal, raked or full head ventRope, plastic, metal, raked or full head vent
• PlacementPlacement
• Bottom of wall cavityBottom of wall cavity
• Interruptions of cavityInterruptions of cavity
• Over doors / windowsOver doors / windows
• Window sillsWindow sills
• Shelf anglesShelf angles

39. Flashing MaterialsFlashing Materials
• CopperCopper (reacts with mortar)(reacts with mortar)
• LeadLead (malleable)(malleable)
• Lead Coated CopperLead Coated Copper
• AluminumAluminum (reacts with mortar)(reacts with mortar)
• MembranesMembranes
• Bituminous and rubber membranes more popularBituminous and rubber membranes more popular
• do not corrodedo not corrode
• more flexiblemore flexible
• easier to installeasier to install
• Synthetic Rubber membranesSynthetic Rubber membranes

40. WeepingWeeping
• WickWick
• Rope laid in the mortar jointRope laid in the mortar joint
• Should be removedShould be removed
after mortar sets upafter mortar sets up
• TubeTube
• 3/8” diameter tubes laid in3/8” diameter tubes laid in
the mortar jointthe mortar joint
• Can be removed or leftCan be removed or left
in jointin joint
• Raked Head JointRaked Head Joint
• Mortar let out of the headMortar let out of the head
jointjoint
• Most effective weepMost effective weep
jointjoint

41. Insulation in CMU cells Insulation in Cavity
Insulation in CavityExternal Insulation

42. Expansion JointsExpansion Joints
• Allows for movementAllows for movement
• A complete separationA complete separation

43. Control JointsControl Joints
• Controls movement for a single materialControls movement for a single material
• Lines of weakness that cause cracking to occurLines of weakness that cause cracking to occur
along that linealong that line
• Concrete walksConcrete walks
• SlabsSlabs

44. Expansion Joint

45. • EfflorescenceEfflorescence
• White “chalky”White “chalky”
substance on the facesubstance on the face
of masonryof masonry
• Usually salts inUsually salts in
masonry or mortar leftmasonry or mortar left
from migratingfrom migrating
moisturemoisture
• Indicates thatIndicates that
moisture is presentmoisture is present
• Normal for newNormal for new
constructionconstruction
• In existingIn existing
construction, it usuallyconstruction, it usually
means a leakmeans a leak

47. • SpallingSpalling
• Physical failure (breakage) of thePhysical failure (breakage) of the
masonry material or mortarmasonry material or mortar
• Deterioration from moisture in theDeterioration from moisture in the
wallwall
• Damage from freeze/thaw cyclesDamage from freeze/thaw cycles

48. • Tuck PointingTuck Pointing
• Partial removal of anPartial removal of an
existing mortar jointexisting mortar joint
and replacementand replacement
with new mortarwith new mortar
• For severelyFor severely
damaged mortardamaged mortar
jointsjoints
• May be for aestheticMay be for aesthetic
or functional reasonsor functional reasons
• Mortar removed to aMortar removed to a
third of the widththird of the width
• New mortar put backNew mortar put back
to seal jointto seal joint

49. Structural ShapesStructural Shapes
Wide FlangeWide Flange
• Size RangeSize Range
• Depth; 4” to 40”Depth; 4” to 40”
• Weight; 9#/ft to 730#/ftWeight; 9#/ft to 730#/ft
• Uses - Beams & ColumnsUses - Beams & Columns
• Proportions - ShapeProportions - Shape
• Tall &Narrow - BeamsTall &Narrow - Beams
• Square - Columns & PilesSquare - Columns & Piles

50. Wide Flange DesignationsWide Flange Designations
W 12 X 26W 12 X 26
W = Wide Flange DesignationW = Wide Flange Designation
12 = Nominal Depth (inches)12 = Nominal Depth (inches)
26 = Weight (lbs.) per foot26 = Weight (lbs.) per foot
W12x26 - 12’-0” long weights:W12x26 - 12’-0” long weights:
12’ x 26#/lf = 312#12’ x 26#/lf = 312#
Depth

51. Steel AnglesSteel Angles
USESUSES
Short beamsShort beams supporting light loadssupporting light loads
EX - LintelsEX - Lintels
ConnectorsConnectors
Veneer / Skin SupportVeneer / Skin Support
Edge support (edge angle)Edge support (edge angle)
Diagonal bracingDiagonal bracing

52. Steel Angle DesignationsSteel Angle Designations
L 4 X 4 X 1/2L 4 X 4 X 1/2
L = Angle DesignationL = Angle Designation
4 X 4 = Size of the legs4 X 4 = Size of the legs (inches)(inches)
1/2 = Thickness of the legs1/2 = Thickness of the legs
(inches)(inches)
NOTE: Legs can be equal or unequalNOTE: Legs can be equal or unequal
Size
Thickness

53. Channels (C Shaped)Channels (C Shaped)
• UsesUses
• Truss members, bracing, lintels, etc.Truss members, bracing, lintels, etc.
• DesignationsDesignations
C 9 X 13.4C 9 X 13.4
C = Channel DesignationC = Channel Designation
9 = Nominal Depth (inches)9 = Nominal Depth (inches)
13.4 = Weight / ft. (lbs.)13.4 = Weight / ft. (lbs.)
Depth

54. Open Web Steel JoistsOpen Web Steel Joists
• Mass produced steel trussesMass produced steel trusses
• Common UsesCommon Uses
• Floor SupportFloor Support
• Roof SupportRoof Support
• Joist Spacing Depends on;Joist Spacing Depends on;
• LoadLoad
• Span capability of deckSpan capability of deck
• Typically 2 to 10 feetTypically 2 to 10 feet
Spans; K-series (up to 60’), LH(Longspan) to 96’, DLH(Deep Longspan) to 144’

55. Joist used for floor support

56. Roof Support

57. Joist Girder
Joist “Seat”

58. Joist
Joist Seat

59. Joist Seat Welded to Support Beam

60. Joist Bridging

61. Edge Angles
•Forms the Slab”Edge”
•Anchorage of exterior “skin”