2. Physical and Chemical Changes
Physical Change – Any process involving a substance’s change without
alteration of the chemical composition. Does not make a new substance.
Chemical Change – Any process in which one or more substances are changed
into one or more different substances. Makes a new substance.
4 signs a chemical change occurred:
Solid Precipitate Forms
1. _____________________________
Temperature Change
2. _____________________________
Gas is produced
3. _____________________________
Color Change
4. _____________________________
4. Kinetic and Potential Energy
Potential Energy – The energy an object has because of its position or stored energy.
How high it is above the Earth.
Kinetic Energy – The energy of motion.
Energy – The ability to do work.
16. • Answer for 2: Warm Ocean currents bring warm water from the
equator causing the air above the warm water to warm up causing
the coastal climate to become warm.
• Answer for 3: Cold Ocean currents bring cold water from the poles
causing the air above the cold water to cool off causing the coastal
climate to become colder.
• Answer for 4: Since a cold ocean current passes City A its climate
will be cooler than City B.
• Answer for 5: City C will have a cooler climate because the Peru
ocean current brings cold water from the polar region. City D will
have a warmer climate because the Brazil ocean current brings
warm water from the equator.
17. Elevation
Elevation
Steep
Gentle
Interval
Index
Relief
21. Net Forces
• When arrows point in opposite directions then
you will subtract the amounts.
• When the arrows point in the same directions
you add the amounts.
22. Balanced or Unbalanced Forces
• When the net force is “0” the force is
balanced and will not move.
• When the net force is greater than “0” the
force is unbalanced and the object will move.
24. Measurements You Need to Know
• Speed = Distance/Time
• Density = Volume/Mass
• Force = Mass X Acceleration
• Work = (Force)(Distance)
25. STAAR Reference Materials
• Do I have to really memorize the formulas?
• No. You can use the STAAR Reference sheet
that will be in your Science STAAR Test.
34. Periods
• When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows
is considered to be a different period (Get it? Like
PERIODic table.). In the periodic table, elements have
something in common if they are in the same row. All
of the elements in a period have the same number of
energy levels or electron shells.
35. Groups
• The periodic table also has a special name for
its columns. When a column goes from top to
bottom, it's called a group. The elements in a
group have the same number of electrons in
their outer orbital. Those outer electrons are
also called valence electrons.
43. Energy Levels
• The first energy level can hold 2 electrons
• The second energy level holds 8
• The third holds 18.
44. Reactivity of Atoms
• The further to the right of the periodic table
you go the less reactive the elements are.
• The most reactive elements are going to be on
the left.
• The more space for electrons an energy level
has the more reactive it is.
• Follow the group numbers – The bigger the
group number the less reactive it is.
45. Protons Physical
Metals
Period
Electrons
Metalloids
Atomic Mass
Groups
Coefficient
Subscript
Nonmetals
46. 8
4
Put a Circle around the Coefficient.
Put a square around the subscript.
49. HR Diagram
• Remember that the pattern that you see with
the main sequence stars on the HR Diagram is
that as the stars get “Brighter” the also get
“Hotter.”
• Quick Fact: The Sun produces energy by
fusing hydrogen into “Helium” in its core.
50. First Quarter
W
Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent
New Moon
Full Moon
Waning Gibbous Waning Crescent
Last Quarter
51. Waxing
• Waxing means to “grow.” The light from the
sun grows over the moon until it reaches a full
moon. Remember “the light sides is the right
side” meaning the in the waxing phase the
light begins to grow starting on the right side.
52. Waning
• Waning means to “shrink.” The light of the sun
begins to shrink on the moon during the
waning phase. The darkness begins on the
right side in the waning phase until it becomes
completely dark and a new moon.
55. Fall
Winter Summer
Spring
Remember that on the test they might place the sun somewhere else.
Always remember that in the northern hemisphere when the axis is pointed
towards the sun it is summer. When the axis is pointed away from the sun it
is winter. Order of seasons: Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring.
58. What is a cold front?
A cold front is a boundary between two air masses, one cold and
the other warm, moving so that the colder air replaces the
warmer air. It pushes the warm air upwards causing clouds to
form and severe thunderstorms. When the cold front passes the
weather is cold.
59. What is a warm front?
A warm front is a boundary between two air masses, one cool
and the other warm, moving so that the warmer air replaces the
cooler air. This forms thunderstorms and when the storms pass
the weather outside is warm.
64. Groundwater
• Groundwater = water in the zone of saturation
(water under the ground)
• Porosity = the space between solid particles
• of soil or rock that can be filled by fluids.
• Permeability = the ease with which fluids can
• pass through a body of soil or rock.
• Aquifer = a body of soil or rock that can hold a
useable amount of water (located underground).
65. Surface Water
• That water which is above ground and visible
to the eye:
• Examples are:
– Lakes
– Rivers
– Ponds
– Reservoirs
– Streams
– creeks
66. Watershed
• A watershed is an area of ground where precipitation falls,
which will ultimately runoffs to a nearby body of water, be it a
river, lake, stream, or creek.
• It is the area of land made of all the water that is under it or
that drains off of it and goes into the same place; this includes
the groundwater and the surface water for that area.
67. Pollution of Watershed
• Caused by rain and flood water washing over our nation’s
landscapes, picking up pollutants such as dirt, oil, fertilizer,
pesticides, animal waste and other substances
• Substances are then deposited into our rivers, lakes, bays,
coastal waters, ground water, and even drinking water
supplies.
• 88% of the impairment of our streams and rivers are caused
by polluted runoff. (Human Impact)
68. Kingdoms
• Kingdom is the second largest grouping in organism classification.
• Domain is the largest grouping in the classification of organisms,
above kingdom.
• Types of Domains:
• Eukarya - organisms made of eukaryotic cells.
• Archaea - Organisms made of prokaryotic cells which live in
extreme conditions.
• Bacteria - Organisms made of prokaryotic cells which do not live in
extreme conditions, found almost everywhere else.
69. Types of Cells
• Prokaryota is a type of cell without a nucleus.
• Eukaryota is a type of cell with a nucleus.
• Unicellular is an organism made of only one cell.
• Multicellular is an organism made of more than
one cell.
70. How Organisms get Food
• Autotrophic is an organism which makes its
own food through photosynthesis. Ex: Plants
• Heterotrophic is an organism which eats other
organisms to get energy. Ex: Animals
71. Asexual Reproduction
• A new organism is produced from one
organism.
• Asexual reproduction results in offspring that
are genetically identical to the parent
organism and creates very few changes
(diversification) of the species.
– Types:
• Budding
• Regeneration
• Fission (Binary fission)
72. Sexual Reproduction
• A new organism is produced from two similar
organisms
• Requires two sex cells – egg, carrying ½ of the
female chromosomes, and sperm, carrying ½ of
the male chromosomes, join to form an entirely
new organism.
• Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are
genetically different from the parent organisms
and can create many changes (diversification) of
the species
74. Circulatory System
• The Circulatory System is the main
transportation system for the human body
• The Circulatory System is made of:
– the Heart
– Artery
– Vein
– Capillary
– Blood
– red blood cells
– White blood cells
75. The Integumentary System
• Composed of:
– skin
– sweat
– oil glands, hair, and nails.
• Major roles are protection from invasion of germs, excretes
waste in the form of sweat and oils, helps rid the body of heat
and synthesizes vitamin D.
• Varies in thickness from 1.5 to 4.0 mm.
• 2 layers of the skin:
– Epidermis—top layer on outside
– Dermis—lies below the Epidermis
76. Digestive System
• Digests the food we eat
• Converts food into simpler substances for the body to absorb
as nutrients
• Provides energy for all body functions
• Absorbs water
• Eliminates waste
77. Mechanical and Chemical Changes in
the Digestive system.
Mechanical digestion
– Causes physical changes to the food.
– Example is chewing
• Chemical digestion
– Causes chemical changes to the food.
– Examples are saliva and stomach acids
78. Digestive System Functions
• Digests food:
– Mouth, Teeth, and Tongue
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Large intestine
• Absorbs nutrients for the body:
– Small Intestine
– Pancreas
– Liver
– Gall Bladder
79. Muscular System
• Muscle-an organ that contracts and relaxes to cause
movement.
• Muscles apply force by pulling not pushing.
• Types of Muscle:
– Skeletal – Muscle that move bones.
– Smooth Muscle
– Cardiac Muscle – Only found in the heart.
81. Excretory System
• Removes excess water, H O, urea, carbon dioxide,
2
CO , and other wastes from our blood.
2
• Parts of the Excretory System:
– Kidneys – filter out excess water and urea
– Lungs – filter out carbon dioxide, CO , from the blood.
2
(lungs are also included in Respiratory System)
– Skin – excretes water, as sweat, which contains some
trace chemical wastes, including urea.
82. Excretory Parts continued:
– Ureters – tubes that take urine from the kidney to
the urinary bladder.
– Urinary Bladder – a sack that stores urine.
– Urethra – small tube that leads urine out of the
body.
83. Nervous System
Sends messages in the form of electrical impulses
Detects information from the environment
Controls body systems
• Parts:
Brain
Spinal Chord
Nerves
84. Skeletal System
• Holds organs in place, provides structural
support, stores minerals, and generates new
blood cells.
• Includes:
– bones
– joints
The spongy bone of the femur, humerus, and
sternum contains red marrow which produces red
blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight
infection), and platelets (help stop bleeding).
85. Connective Tissues
•
• Cartilage – Allows joints to move easily, cushions
bones, and supports soft tissue
• Ligament – • Hold bones in place at the joints
• Joins muscle to muscle or muscle to bone
• Tendon –
86. Respiratory System
• The primary function of the respiratory system is
to supply oxygen to the blood in order for the
blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.
• Through breathing, the body inhales oxygen and
exhales carbon dioxide.
• Parts Include:
– trachea
– lungs
– diaphragm
– alveoli
87. Endocrine System
• The endocrine system controls growth,
reproduction and metabolism.
• releases hormones (messengers) directly into
bloodstream
• Glands – group of cells that produces and
secretes chemicals (hormones) to bloodstream
directly.
• Hormones –chemical substances created and
distributed by the body to act as “messengers”
and coordinate functions of various body parts.
88. The Endocrine
System
regulates
Calcium
Water Response
Growth Reproduction Metabolism and glucose
balance to stress
levels
by means by means by means by means by means by means
of the of the of the of the of the of the
Pituitary Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals
Ovaries Parathyroids
