Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts in MSP

Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts
within a MSP Process
Bela H. Buck
International Marine Spatial Planning Public Symposium, Providence (RI)

Courtesy of the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH)

Relatively small
N PL size of the area:
EST Advantage or
S Disadvantage?
RUS
DK
German LT
Bight
GB D LV
NL
B FIN
F

© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012

Coastal Sea:
0‐12 nautical miles

EEZ:
12‐200 nautical miles

Courtesy of BSH 2012


North Sea

EEZ: Baltic Sea
EEZ: Schleswig‐ 2
4,500 km
28,600 km2 Holstein

Hamburg Mecklenburg‐
Vorpommern
Bremen
Lower‐Saxony


MSP at an early stages:
(between 2001‐2006)

 Defining the actual state of
uses
Shipping & Pipelines, Cables, Mariculture,
Military Features Sediment, Platforms
 Ascertain priorities of
different uses

 Set priorities regarding
national and international
Nature Conservation Offshore Wind Farms
“dependencies”.


What makes the decision about priorities in MSP for traditiional and
“new” uses? or What are the prevailing public interests?
 Current national regulations and international legislations
 National and international contracts
 Economic interests
Is there a mandate and who is responsible?
 No/yes → not EU directly → but implementation of EU guidelines [Natura
2000] as well as for the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)
 Driver: New uses
 Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) on behalf of and in close
co‐operation with Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs


What are the tools?
 planning principle (guideline that needs to be particularly considered in the
decision process)
 priority areas (Vorranggebiete): reserved for a defined use, other
conflicting uses are excluded
 reservation areas (Vorbehaltsgebiete): defined use with priority in this
area
 suitable areas (Eignungsgebiete): defined use is excluded outside
designated areas


Priority list (with regard to UNCLOS)
High
 Safety and efficiency of shipping
 National and international
contracts [e.g. pipelines, cables]
 Protection of the marine
environment
 National/Alliance defence
Others
 Resources
 Scientific research
 Wind farming


Are there potentials
for more then one use?

‐ secondary use
‐ co‐use
‐ multi‐use
‐ multifunctional use


Case example Wind Farming:
 Decision to be independent (regarding oil/gas/coal, nuclear power)
 Follow the Kyoto Protocol
 Follow the Renewable Energies Act of Germany
 35 % of electric power supply used in Germany by renewable
energy in 2020
 50 % in 2030
 25,000 MW by 2030 (6,000 – 8,000 turbines depending on MW‐
class)
 Infrastructure‐Planning‐”Speed Up”‐Act


Construction of the
Alpha Ventus wind
farm in the EEZ 60
km off the coast of
Germany.

5 MW class turbines:
65 MWh∙day‐1∙windmill‐1
8,000 €∙day‐1∙windmill‐1
70% of companies SME


Offshore wind
 In 2009, 2.8% of Europe’s total
farm
wind power was offshore.
development in
 192,000 people in the EU are
the North Sea
employed by the offshore wind
industry

Courtesy of Arne Fredheim


Multi-use ideas to maximize the 1. Ecology
benefit of an offshore area: - Creating MPA‘s (nursery,
sustainable fisheries…)
- Set-up artificial reefs
2. Tourism
3. Additional energy resources
4. Offshore Aquaculture
5. Bio-Remediation /
Bio-Extraction
6. Use of fouling organisms

Image taken from Barry Costa‐Pierce


Motivation for Cooperation
Next step is to add the entire
How is the economic value of
The progression of renewable
economic framework for the
a certain site offshore:
energy worldwide recently has
wind energy side and combine
coincided with a similar
→ only wind farming
increase in marine
it with existing mussel
→ in co‐use with another
aquaculture. See worldwide
aquaculture economics.
stakeholder
stagnation of fisheries’
→ unclear ownership status
harvest, coupled with the
→ Are there cost savings by
and insurance
growth in aquaculture and
operating jointly.
wind energy over the last 30
in cooperation with Dr. Robert
years.
Griffin at Stanford University
(California)


Research Platform FINO No. I
 Marine Facilities Ordinance
 Licensing procedure for offshore
wind farms
→ change regulation and licensing
procedure to include multi‐use
concepts as an obligation
→ multi‐use concepts will be
promoted (even if concepts are not
successful)


Meek, 1989


Marine Facilities
Ordinance

OSS‐Project forces
wind farm operators
to investigate in co‐
uses

Buck et al. (2008), Helg. Mar. Research

Mussel cultivation designs

© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012 Buck (2007), Helg. Mar. Res.
Buck et al. (2010), Aquac. Econom. Management

Seaweed cultivation

 longlines
 ladder
 grid


Bioextraction
“An environmental management strategy by which
nutrients are removed from an aquatic ecosystem through
the harvest of enhanced biological production, including
the aquaculture of suspension-feeding shellfish or algae”

Ecological Engineering
“Ecological Engineering is an emerging field that uses
ecological processes within natural or constructed
systems to achieve environmental goals”

Balanced Ecosystem Approach
“Fed aquaculture of finfish or shrimp with extractive
organic aquaculture of shellfish and extractive inorganic
aquaculture of seaweed (IMTA)”
SCIENCE VOL 323 20 FEB. 2009


IMTA
(Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture)

extractive species
extractive species 1. defense line:
filter feeders
wind
seaweed mussels
farm with
fish

fish/ 2. defense line: fish/
wind turbine seaweeds wind turbine
different directions
bidirectional
McVey & Buck (2008), WAS


Parameters measured:

 Nutrients [NOX, P, Si, …]
 Salinity
 O2, CO2
 pH
 Chlorophyll
FerryBox  Attenuation/turbidity
 Fluorescence


Consideration of
mechanical
loads on
grounding
constructions of
longline, cage windmills by
or other aquaculture
constructions devices


y

N

NW NO

W O x


SW S0

S1 [N/mm²]
S
8 Windrichtungen
8 Wellenanlaufrichtungen

LC 5

EF 4 EF 5 EF 6

Development of static models
Discussion of alternative
Generation of representative
(for 3-5 MWpoints ofclass)
connection turbine foundation
loads of wind energy LC 5 S1 [N/mm²] S1 [N/mm²]

structure
installations

Buck et al. (2006), Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering

Buck & Krause (2010), Springer Encyclopedia

Bird’s-eye view of the “Nordergründe” offshore wind farm

Buck et al. (2009) Aquacult. Econ. & Mgmt.
Buck et al. (2003), Law International
Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.

Break‐Even for Mussel Cultivation: Longline culture

Breakeven price (assumption 10 kg/m)
Above total variable costs 0,14Euro
Above total costs 0,52Euro

Breakeven yield (assumption: 1 Euro/kg)
Above total variable costs 1,43kg
Above total costs 5,17kg


Consumption mussel with new Consumption mussel with
NPV (IRR) vessel and new land facility existing capacity
(5,667,073, 14.73%) (9,622,937, 28.11%)
Price per kg mussel
0.9 € 3,369,576  (11.81) 7,325,440  (23.66)
1.1 € 7,964,570  (17.47) 11,920,433  (32.38)
Total cost increase
+ 5 % p.a. ‐1,899,456  (2.13) 2,056,407  (15.56)
Discount rates
6 % 6,867,422 10,871,396
8 % 4,611,108 8,522,651
9 % 3,678,854 7,549,757


Bird’s-eye view of the “Cape Wind” offshore wind farm

Buck et al. (2009) Aquacult. Econ. & Mgmt.
Buck et al. (2003), Law International
Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.

Break‐Even for Seaweed Cultivation: Longline culture

Breakeven price (assumption 8 kg/m)
Above total variable costs 167/197 US $
Above total costs 568/400 US $

Breakeven yield (assumption: 0,7$/kg)
Above total variable costs 2,67/3,14 kg
Above total costs 9,08/6,40kg


Example for possible macroalgae revenues and corresponding
value of raw material
Relative value of raw material in US‐$ (→ extracted per tonne wet
weight)
Carrageen 568
Alginate 355
Agar 1077
Fertilisers 500
Soil additives 27
Seaweed meals (dried) 100
Pharmaceuticals 1000


Key Issues:

1. Multi-use concepts ease MSP
2. Multi-use will have a better acceptance for both
stakeholders and would save costs.
3. Multi-Use concepts will have economic benefits
• Quick procedure
• Combined EIA
• Shared vessels/personal
Prof. Dr. Bela H. Buck
• training
• Additional biomass
Bela.H.Buck@awi.de
• etc.


Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts in MSP

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