Internet.

ITEC 1010 Information and Organizations
THE INTERNET

THE INTERNET
 The internet
 A network of networks
 The internet transmits data from one computer (called a
host) to another
 Internet networks
 Linked networks that work much the same way -- they
pass data around in packets, each of which carries the
addresses of its sender and receiver

INTERNET TODAY
 Large numbers of people use the Internet all over the world. In 1995
only 16 million people accessed the Internet. But only 10 years later,
more than 1 billion people had signed on as regular users. And in the
next 8 years another one and half billion people were added to the
ranks.The Internet became popular rapidly and now it is nearly
impossible to imagine life without the convenience of the Internet.
There are even people who rely so heavily on communication via the
Internet that they panic when they experience a blip in service.

HOW THE INTERNET WORKS
 Transport control protocol (TCP)
 A protocol that operates at the transport layer and is
used in combination with IP by most Internet
applications
 Backbone
 An Internet high-speed, long distance communications
links (like a bus; wire that connects nodes)
 Uniform resource locator (URL)
 An assigned address on the Internet for each computer
 E.g., http://www.facebook.com/

ACCESS TO THE INTERNET
There are many ways to access the Internet. Most online
services, such as America Online, offer access to some
Internet services. It is also possible to gain access
through a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP).

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS
 Internet service provider (ISP)
 Any company that provides individuals or companies with access to
the Internet
 Thousands of providers including large communications companies
 Need an account with the ISP and software that links with TCP/IP

ISP EXAMPLES
Internet Service Provider Web Address
Airtel www.airtel.in
Vodafone www.vodafone.in
Reliance www.rcom.co.in
Tikona www.tikona.in
IBM Internet Connection www.ibm.net
AT&T WorldNet Service www.att.com
Sharq Telecom www.st.uz
MTS www.mts.ru
AWCC www.afghanwireless.com

WAYS TO CONNECT THE INTERNET
 Dial-up
 DSL – Digital Subscriber Line
 ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
 Cable - Broadband Internet Connection
 Wireless Internet Connections

WAY TO ACCESS THE INTERNET
ADSL

THE WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
 The most important service provided by Internet.
The World Wide Web is a global set of documents, images and
other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and
referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).
URIs symbolically identify services, and servers, other
databases, the documents and resources that they can
provide.
Its developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee an European
Particle Physics Lab (CERN) in Switzerland.

WWW TERMINOLOGY
 Web browser
 Software that creates a unique hypermedia-based menu on your computer
screen and provides a graphical interface to theWeb

WWW TERMINOLOGY
 Web page
 A screen of information sent to a requesting user
and presented through a browser

WEBSITE
 A Website is all the pages, images and files contained under
a domain name.A website is a collection of web pages
belonging to a particular person of organization .Typically
the URLs of web pages share a common prefix, which is the
address of the home page of the site.The home page in the
“Front page” of the site and is set up to help viewers find
whatever is of interest to them on that site.

HYPERLINK
 Hyperlink is a reference to data that the reader can
directly follow, or that is followed automatically. A
hyperlink points to a whole document or to a
specific element within a document. A user
following hyperlinks is said to navigate or browse
the hypertext.

TYPES OF HYPERLINKS
 Hyperlinks enable you to quickly move through a
document by clicking on a hot spot or a hyperlink or
connect from one web page to another.There are three
types of hyperlinks used for this purpose: Text, Graphic
and Affiliate.The text hyper link is usually displayed in
another color and underlined.The text link can allow you
to jump around on the page or to another page in the
document or on a website.The Graphic link does the
same as the text link, except there is only a picture or
graphic image. For example you might click on a image of
a cheetah and you are taking to a page which talks about
the cheetah.Affiliate links performs the same, but instead
of taking you directly to the page, it accesses a database
where the pages are stored and loads the page. Quality
wise, text links are the best because they provide
information about the link.

HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the main access protocol
of the World Wide Web, but it is only one of the hundreds of
communication protocols used on the Internet.Web services also
use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to
share and exchange business logic and data.

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL)
 A uniform resource locator, abbreviated URL, also known as web address, is
a specific character string that constitutes a reference to a resource. In
most web browsers, the URL of a web page is displayed on top inside an
address bar. An example of a typical URL would be
"http://en.example.org/wiki/Main_Page"
 Every URL consists of some of the following: the scheme name (commonly
called protocol), followed by a colon, two slashes, then, depending on
scheme, a server name (exp. ftp., www., smtp., etc.) followed by a dot (.)
then a domain name (alternatively, IP address), a port number, the path of
the resource to be fetched or the program to be run, then, for programs
such as Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts, a query string, and an
optional fragment identifier.
 The syntax is:
scheme://domain:port/path?query_string#fragment_id

LIST OF ALLOWED URL CHARACTERS
 Unreserved :
May be encoded but it is not necessary
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R ST UVW XY Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - _ . ~
 Reserved:
Have to be encoded sometimes
! * ' ( ) ; : @ & = + $ , / ? % # [ ]

DOMAIN NAME
 A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of
administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet. Domain
names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name
System (DNS).Technically, any name registered in the DNS is a domain
name. Sometimes, the term ADministrative Management Domain
(ADMD) is used to refer to the realm of administrative autonomy.The
term Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) denotes a domain name
with no omitted parts.

DOMAIN AFFILIATIONS
Domain Affiliations
arts cultural and entertainment activities
com business organizations
edu educational sites
firm businesses and firms
gov government sites
info information service providers
mil military sites
nom individuals
net networking organizations
org organizations
rec recreational activities
store businesses offering goods for purchase
web entities related to World Wide Web activities
net networking organizations

SEARCH ENGINES
 Search engines
 A search tool for the Web (like card catalogs in libraries)
 E.g.,
Google http://www.google.com
Bing http://www.bing.com
Yandex http://www.yandex.com
Yahoo! http://www.yahoo.com
Hotbot http://www.hotbot.com
Infoseek http://www.infoseek.com
Lycos http://www.lycos.com
Webcrawler http://www.webcrawler.com

INTERNET SERVICES
 E-mail
 Telnet
 FTP
 Usenet and newsgroups
 Chat rooms
 Internet phone
 Internet videoconferencing
 Content streaming

INTERNET SERVICES
 Internet telephony
 Also called voice-over-IP (VOIP)
 Technology that enables network managers to route phone calls and
fax transmissions over the same network they use for data

VOIP ‘DISCUSSION’
Internet telephony is a category of hardware and software that enables
people to use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone
calls. For users who have free, or fixed-price, Internet access, Internet
telephony software essentially provides free telephone calls anywhere in
the world. To date, however, Internet telephony does not offer the
same quality of telephone service as direct telephone connections.
There are many Internet telephony applications available. Some, like
CoolTalk and NetMeeting, come bundled with popular Web browsers.
Others are stand-alone products. Internet telephony products are
sometimes called IP telephony, Voice over the Internet (VOI) or Voice
over IP (VOIP) products.

VOIP SOFTWARE EXAMPLES
Skype TeamSpeak

12VoIP Yahoo! Messenger


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