1. Software Development

2. THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
• The system life development cycle
(SDLC) is an application of the systems
approach methodology to the
development of an information system
2

3. THE TRADITIONAL SDLC
• It didn’t take the first system developers long
to recognize a sequence if the project was to
have the best chance of success:
• Planning
• Analysis
• Design
• Implementation
• Use
• Figure 7.4 illustrates how the life cycle phases
can fit into a circular pattern over time 3

4. 4

5. Planning Phase
• Benefits
– Define scope of the project
– Spot potential problems
– Arrange tasks in sequence
– Provide basis for control
7-5

6. Steps
1. Recognize problem (the trigger)
2. Define problem
3. Set objectives
4. Identify constraints
Recall that objectives, standards,
and constraints are problem-solving
elements.
7-6

7. Steps (cont.)
5.Conduct feasibility study
– Technical
– Economic return
– Noneconomic return
– Legal and ethical
– Operational
– Schedule
7-7

8. Steps (cont.)
6.Prepare study project proposal
– Goes to MIS steering committee
7.Approve or disapprove (go/no go)
– Key questions?
1.Will the system accomplish its goals?
2.Is this the best way to go about it?
7-8

9. Steps (cont.)
8.Establish a control mechanism
– Think in terms of:
• 1. What
• 2. Who
• 3. When (Person-months versus calendar months)
– PERT and CPM network diagrams
7-9

10. The Planning Phase
MIS Steering Comm Manager Systems Analyst
Recognize the
1. problem
Define the
problem
2.
Set system objectives
3. Consult
Identify system
4. constraints
Conduct a
5. feasibility study
Prepare a system
6. study proposal
7. Approve or disapprove the study project
8. Establish a control mechanism
7-10

11. Analysis Phase
• Steps
1.Announce
• Reasons for project
• Purpose: inform and counteract fear
2.Organize project team
• User(s)
• Specialists
• Define roles
7-11

12. Analysis Phase (cont.)
3. Define information needs
• Methods
– Personal interview (the preferred method)
– Observation
– Record search (includes review of existing
documentation)
– Surveys
A project directory can be
maintained as an encompassing set
of documentation to describe the
system 7-12

13. Analysis Phase (cont.)
4. Define system performance criteria
5. Prepare design proposal
(Compare to system study proposal)
6. Approve or disapprove the design project
7-13

14. The Analysis Phase
MIS Steering
Manager Systems Analyst
Committee
1. Announce the system study
2. Organize the project team
3. Define information needs
4. Define system performance criteria
Prepare
5. design
proposal
7-14
6. Approve or disapprove the design project

15. Design Phase
1.Prepare detailed design
– Structured design (top down)
• System level
• Subsystem level
– Documentation tools
2. Identify alternate system configurations
– Refine to a manageable set
7-15

16. Design Phase (cont.)
3. Evaluate configurations
4. Select best configuration
5. Prepare implementation proposal
6. Approve or disapprove the system
implementation
7-16

17. MIS Steering Committee Manager Systems Analyst
Prepare the
1. detailed
design
The Design Phase
system
2. Identify
alternate
system
configurations
3. Evaluate
system
configurations
4. Select the
best
configuration
5. Prepare the
implementation
proposal
Approve or disapprove the system
6.
implementation 7-17

18. Implementation Phase
• Acquire and integrate the physical and
conceptual resources to produce a
working system
7-18

19. Steps for the Implementation Phase
1. Plan implementation
2. Announce
3. Obtain hardware resources
RFP / Written Proposals
4. Obtain software resources
"Make or buy"
5. Prepare database
6. Prepare physical facilities
7. Educate participants and users
8. Prepare cutover proposal
9. Approve or disapprove cutover to new systsem
10. Cutover to new system
7-19

20. The Implementation Phase
MIS Steering Committee Manager Information Specialists
1. Plan the implementation
2. Announce the implementation
3 Obtain the
hardware resources
4 Obtain the software
resources
5 Prepare the database
Control Control
6 Prepare the
physical facilities
7 Educate the
participants and users
8. Cutover the new system
7-20

21. Cutover Approaches
Old
Pilot
System
Immediate cutover
Pilot Phased cutover
System
Parallel cutover
Immediate
Old System New System
Phased New System
Old System
Old System
Parallel New system
7-21
Time

22. Use Phase
1.Use
2.Audit (post implementation review)
• By information specialist(s)
• By internal auditor (a different one from the
project team member)
3. Maintain the system
• Correct errors
• Keep current
• Improve
4. Prepare reengineering proposal
5. Approve or disapprove reengineering
7-22

23. The Use Phase
MIS Steering Committee Manager Information Specialists
2 Audit the
1
system
Use the
Control
system
3 Maintain
the
system
4 Prepare
re-
engineering
proposal
Approve or disapprove the
5 reengineering proposal
7-23

24. SDLC (lanjutan)
LSIK - TI 24

25. SDLC(lanjutan)

26. PROTOTYPING
• A prototype is a version of a potential system that
provides the developers and potential users with an
idea of how the system will function when completed
• In prototyping, a prototype is produced as quickly as
possible, perhaps overnight, to obtain user feedback
that will enable the prototype to be improved
• Figure 7.5 shows the four steps involved in developing
an evolutionary prototype
• Figure 7.6 shows the steps involved in developing a
requirements prototype
• As prototyping has proven to be one of the most
successful methodologies, it would be difficult to find
a development project that didn’t use it to some
degree
26

27. 27

28. 28

29. …metode prototyping
• Keuntungan: • Kelemahan:
– Komunikasi user dan – Kemungkinan terjadi shortcut
pengembang intensif dalam pendefinisian masalah
– User terlibat aktif dalam – Pemakai bisa terlalu berlebih
menentukan requirement menentukan requirement
– Waktu pengembangan relatif sehingga sulit dipenuhi
singkat – Kemungkinan tidak dihasilkan
– Implementasi mudah karena rancangan yang baik
pemakai mengetahui dari
awal apa yang akan
diperolehnya
LSIK - TI 29

30. RAPID APPLICATION
DEVELOPMENT
• Rapid Application Development (RAD), is a term
coined by James Martin. It refers to a development
life cycle intended to produce systems quickly
without sacrificing quality
• Information engineering is the name that Martin
gave to his overall approach to system
development, which treats it as a firm-wide
activity, while the term enterprise is used to
describe the entire firm
• Figure 7.7 illustrates the top-down nature of
information engineering, involving both data (the
left face of the pyramid) and activities (the right
face)
30

31. 31

32. RAD (cont.)
• RAD requires four essential ingredients:
• Management
• People
• Methodologies
• Tools
• Of all the components of information
engineering, RAD has probably enjoyed the
greatest support
32

33. PHASED DEVELOPMENT
• This is an approach for developing information
systems that consists of six stages:
1. Preliminary investigation
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Preliminary construction
5. Final construction
6. System test and installation
• The analysis, design, and preliminary construction
stages are taken for each system module
• The six phased development stages are illustrated
in Figure 7.8
• Figure 7.9 illustrates how the module phases are
integrated into the system development 33

34. 34

35. 35

36. Object-Oriented System Analysis & Design
• Examining the objects that are a part of the
system
• OO describe entities as objects
• Development of system that must change rapidly
in response to dynamic business environment
• Unified Modeling Diagram (UML) – Use
Case, Class Diagram

38. Agile Approach
• Based on values, principles, core practices
• Values 
communication, simplicity, feedback, courage
• Adjusting important resource:
time, cost, quality, scope

39. Agile Approach Principles

40. Agile Approach Practices
• Short release
• Fourty-hour work week
• Onsite customer
• Pair programming

42. 1. Exploration
• Exploring the environment
• Asserting your conviction that the problem can and
should be approached with agile development
• Assemble the team, asses team member skill
• Time  week, month
• Point 
– Get the customer to refine a story
– Understanding the work environment, its
problem, technologies, and people

43. 2. Planning
• Time: few days
• Dealing the amount of time to build the
solution
• “planning game” 
– talking the goal  maximize value of the system
– strategy  downplaying risk
– pieces to move  “story card”
– players involved  development team, customer

44. 3. Iterations
• Cycles of testing, feedback, change
• Time: three weeks
• Sketch out the entire architecture of the system
• Run customer-written functional tests at the end
of each iteration
• “Make small ritual out of successful iteration…
celebrate your progress”  culture for
motivating

45. 4. Productionizing
• Time: One week
• Daily briefing

46. 5. Maintenance

47. Choosing System Development
• Must do:
– Understand the organization
– Budget time and resources  develop project proposal
– Interview organizational members, and gathering detail
data
• SDLC & OODLC extensive planning & diagraming
• Agile & OODLC  allow subsystems to be build one at
a time
• Agile & SDLC  concerned about the way data logically
moves through the systems

49. Tugas Baca
• Valacich, Joseph, et al., Essentials of System
Analysis and Design-5th ed., Pearson
Education Inc., New Jersey , 2012 (Appendix A
& B)
• Kendall, Kenneth E., and Kendall, J. E., System
Analysis and Design-8th ed., Pearson
Education Inc., New Jersey, 2011 (Chapter
1, 8, 10)