1. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Sr. NAMES CLASS/DIV ROLL
WATER
No NO.
1. ROHAN F.Y.B.M.S./B 65
MOHITE
RESOURCE
2. TEJAS F.Y.B.M.S./B 109
KORDE
3. MANGESH F.Y.B.M.S./B 74
MANAGEMENT
BAIRAGI
PAGE NO.1
4. VISHAL F.Y.B.M.S./B 106
KHEDKAR
5. SACHIN F.Y.B.M.S./B 105
AUTADE
2. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CERTIFICATE
MR. ROHAN MOHITE, ROLL NO.-65,
MR.TEJAS KORDE, ROLL NO.-109,
MR.MANGESH BAIRAGI, ROLL NO.-74,
MR.VISHAL KHEDKAR, ROLL NO.-106,
MR.SACIN AUTADE, ROLL NO.-105,
of BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, SEMISTER SECOND, have
undertaken and completed the project work titled “WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT” during the academic year 2011 – 2012 under the guidance of
PROF. SANDHYA THAKKAR .
This is a bonafide project work and the information presented in it is true and
original to the best of our knowledge and belief.
PROJECT GUIDE
PROF. SANDHYA THAKKAR
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3. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT is a result of co-operation,
hard work and good wishes of many people. We would like to thank our project guide
Prof. Sandhya Thakkar for her involvement in our project work and timely
assessment that provided us inspiration and valued guidance throughout our study.
We are highly indebted to Dr. Mrs. Shakuntala A. Singh, Principal K.G. Joshi
College of Arts & N.G. Bedekar College of Commerce, for giving us an opportunity
to do a project. We would like to thank Prof. Mr.D.M. Murdeshwar, course co-
ordinator, for his friendly guidance and constant encouragement.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents, our teachers of K.G.
Joshi College of Arts & N.G. Bedekar College of Commerce, the library staff and our
college friends whose co-operation, encouragement and efforts have helped us in
giving the final shape and structure to the project.
Our thanks and appreciations also go to our college mates and to all those people
who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.
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4. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
INDEX
SR. TOPICS REMARKS
NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESCRIPTION
3. CONCLUSION
4. WEBLIOGRAPHY
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5. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION-.
1.” Water resource management is the control of water usage and also the quality of
water. Many cities have departments that will test the quality of water at treatment
plants.”
Water is a unique substance. It is one of the few materials on the Earth that
exists naturally as a solid, liquid or gas. It is not possible for life on earth to exist
without water. Scientists estimate that there are over one billion cubic kilometers of
water on this earth, which covers nearly three fourth of the earth's surface. Though
this seems an extremely huge amount, in actual fact, less than one percent is fresh and
usable and is found in lakes, ponds, rivers and groundwater. Of the remaining, ninety
seven percent is found in oceans and two percent is locked up in glaciers and ice-caps.
From a global viewpoint, fresh water is abundant and the volume of fresh water
renewed by the hydrological cycle between the oceans, the atmosphere, the sun and
the land is more than enough to meet the needs of five to ten times existing world
population.
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6. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Globally fresh water fond is 35 million km^3 & only 105 thousand km^3 is
accessible.
Water quality monitoring is not yet developed in some countries, in other it is
in decline. The quality of water available for drinking is posing a serious threat to the
existence of life. Degradation of water quality is a consequence (result) of human
activities, land use practices and economic development. Land use practices affect the
quality of water in our streams, lakes, ground water and ultimately the marine
environment. Experience has shown that it is within our ability to slow and reverse
water quality degradation, to improve human health and ecosystem integrity by
nations putting forward a concerted effort. To accomplish this, aggressive, positive
and timely policies and actions are needed. The world has a moral obligation to ensure
that future generations inherit a world with clean water and healthy environment. So
there is a significant need for Water Resource Management.
Water Resources Management is a very important issue with regard to the
conservation and the protection of water. Water demand management is meant to
manage the available water resources wisely and to deliver the necessary amount for
sustainable development. In these include environmental conservation with inter and
intra generation equity in mind while any policy of conservation is formulated.
Water Resources Management is an international, multidisciplinary forum
for the publication of original contributions and the exchange of knowledge and
experience on the management of water resources. In particular, the journal publishes
contributions on water resources assessment, development, conservation and control,
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7. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
emphasizing policies and strategies. Contributions examine planning and design of
water resource systems, and
operation, maintenance and administration of water resource systems.
Coverage extends to these closely related topics: water demand and consumption;
applied surface and groundwater hydrology; water management techniques;
simulation and modeling of water resource systems; forecasting and control of
quantity and quality of water; economic and social aspects of water use; legislation
and water resources protection.
Water Resources Management is supported scientifically by the European Water
Resources Association, a scientific and technical nonprofit-making European
association.
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
In pre-British India water management was essentially a local matter and was in the
hands of the community. This changed with the arrival of the British period and of
modernity. Control over water resources passed from the hands of the community into
those of the state. While ownership of natural resources was claimed by the state,
management passed into the hands of engineers and bureaucrats. The induction to
western engineering ushered in the era of large dams and there was a concomitant
decline of traditional forms of small scale, local, community-managed systems of
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8. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
water harvesting and management. These new projects became symbols of
development.
Government initiatives for water resource management are outlined in
National Water Policy, 1987, National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement
on Environment and Development, 1992, and Policy Statement for Abatement
Pollution, 1992. The strategy and policy statement prescribe command and control,
technological zoning, fiscal incentives and use of economic instruments as
mechanisms for of water pollution control. The present approach to control water
pollution in India is to use regularity instruments along with systems for monitoring
the prescribed standards to achieve the government's policy goals. This standards
for ambient and point source discharges are set by various acts of the government.
Compliance is mandatory and provisions for penalties are made in the acts. These
are monitored by the central and state pollution control boards. A legal framework
and occasionally fiscal incentive schemes for implementation and compliance of the
standards support the regulatory approach.
The Constitution of India provides for the right to life, which is a
fundamental right under Art. 21 and has been interpreted by the courts to also include
the right to pureair and water.
Citizens may also fight against polluted water under s. 277 of the IPC
which deals with fouling water or water bodies. The causing any Public nuisance,
and the power of the Executive magistrate under sec. 133 of Cr. P.C is one which
would bring seedy relief from any fouling of the water. The more pollution is the
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9. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Water [Prevention and Control of Pollution] Act, 1974. This Act is meant to curb the
various kinds of pollution ranging from domestic to industrial pollution. Violations
under this Act are more severe, recent legislation on water.
Another legislation dealing with the aspect of purity of water is parts X-B
and XI-A of the Merchant Shipping Act, inserted by the Amending Act of 1983
dealing with every aspect of marine pollution. There are several judicial decisions
which have affected the issues of water rights.
Water resource management by Community: the evolution of Pani
Panchayat- Pani Panchayat in Maharashtra
The term 'Pani Panchayat' actually refers to the mobilization of groups of
farmers for the formulation and implementation of community irrigation projects. The
term was first coined to denote the five member committee that was formed to
oversee the first lift irrigation project set up by the Gram Gourav Pratishthan [GGP].
Today the term symbolizes the principles of equitable distribution of water.
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10. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Need for Water Resource Management.-
Water is a limited resource. The amount of freshwater available to mankind
and nature is limited. Only saltwater resources are abundantly available, but even the
quality of these resources is under stress as well. Agriculture accounts for almost two-
thirds of freshwater consumption. Efficiency is often far below 50%, mainly due to
conveyance losses in inefficient irrigation systems. Only 12% of freshwater is used to
provide drinking water to the growing world population. Less than 50% of the world
population has access to potable water from safe sources. More than 50% of all piped
water is wasted as a result of leaking pipes. The provision of high quality drinking
water requires treatment depending on the source as well as effective demand of the
end-users. Only 20% of the potable water used in industrialized countries is required
for drinking, food preparation and hygienic purposes. The rest is consumed in
activities for which a lower quality would be sufficient. The reduction of water
wastage could greatly enhance accessibility of freshwater. Freshwater is becoming
increasingly scarce and expensive like all commodities. Providing water to small and
large consumers and communities has a price.
Climate change is affecting the spatial and temporal availability of water resources,
there being either too little, too much, or too dirty water (Kundzewicz, 2007). More
developed countries can afford to pay the higher cost for water. However, in rural and
Urban Africa it is not the inability of people to pay for the full cost of drinking water,
but rather the lack of capital to invest into efficient water infrastructure. The poorest
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11. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
of the poor often pay more for drinking water of limited quality than the rich – in the
same city. They pay even more than people in the rich North who receive piped water
of high quality 24 hours a day in their apartment. Better cost recovery will not redress
this, more public investment might.
Decentralization may also help improve the quality of water supply: Germ investment
might.
Decentralization may also help improve the quality of water supply: Germany has
more than 5000 water companies, of which 1/3 is public, 1/3 is private, and 1/3 is
owned by water users associations. In developing countries such as Kenya, the urban
poor have probably no more than two hours of drinking water per day, and then still
the bucket needs to be carried home over an average distance of about 100 m.
Advantages of water Resource Management-
(Live example with details)
Comprehensive Water resource management brings widespread benefits to
Tamil Nadu.
Challenge:
Tamil Nadu is a water short state, with limited potential for further water resource
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12. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
exploitation. Its ability to meet rapidly growing water demands in a sustainable manner is
contingent on managing the challenge of allocating water across sectors and within
sectors. At the time of project preparation, the state lacked the institutional apparatus to
support comprehensive multi-sectoral water planning and management. Irrigation
constituted over 75% of total water use, but system performance was disappoint- ing
resulting in inequitable supplies and significant waste. This affected access to water not
only within poor agriculture-dependent communities and but also within other sectors
vying for limited water supplies. Groundwater extraction rates were beyond safe yields in
several parts of the state, leading to contamination from salt water intrusion. Other water
quality issues with associated health consequences were pervasive, primarily due to
untreated industrial effluents and sewage.
Approach
The project’s primary objectives were to support water resources planning on a river
basin basis and across all uses of water; to improve institutional and technical capability
for managing the state’s water resources; to improve agricultural productivity through
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13. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
modernization and completion of irrigation systems; to upgrade water management and
farmer participation; and to assure sustainability of water infrastructure and the
environment.
Results
Substantial institutional restructuring and development occurred to enhance multi- sectoral
water management on a river basin basis. Environmental considerations were mainstreamed
into water planning and management. Significant agricultural productivity and income gains
were registered through improved water use, supported by irrigation system improvements
and farmer participation in newly
formed water users associations.
Highlights
• The State Water Policy was updated in accordance with the National Water Policy and a
State Water Plan was prepared.
• A Water Resources Organization was formed as an independent organization, responsible
for multi- sectoral water management and structured on river basin lines. This included the
establishment of new decentralized field management under basin managers. A framework
water resources plan and five detailed river basin plans were completed.
Two River Basin Organizations were created, the first of their kind in South Asia.
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14. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
• A State environmental planning framework was developed and environmental units were
created in several agencies. Environmental and social assessments and environmental action
plans were produced for all major river basins. A water and soil monitoring program was
operated, with over 400 sampling locations across multiple basins.
• An inventory of about 3.3 million wells throughout the State was completed. The Tamil
Nadu Groundwater (Development and Management) Act was passed.
• The Tamil Nadu Farmers’ Management of Irrigation Systems Act was passed. 1566
water users associations were formed—covering an area over 630,000 ha—and given
responsibility for the O&M of canals serving less than 700 ha.
Training was given to tens of thousands of farmers.
• One catchment with depleted cover in a sub-basin of the Cauvery was restored.
There were dramatic increases in yields, by over 40% for some crops. Scheme improvements
converted almost 218,000 ha irrigation and created over 73,000 ha of new irrigated area,
directly benefiting 3.2 million people. Scheme completions increased irrigated area by about
60,260 ha and improved irrigation on about 95,300 ha, directly benefiting over 87,000
people.
• One catchment with depleted cover in a sub-basin of the Cauvery was restored.
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15. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
What constitutes the 'enabling environment' for water
resources management?
First of the entire right attitude: government as an enabler, rather
than a top-down manager.
Governments:
1.) National water policies enact water resources legislation
2.) Ensure separation of regulating and service provision functions encourage
and regulate the private sector
3.) Encourage dialogue with neighbouring countries.
What are the appropriate institutional roles?
First of all organizations and agencies at all levels and across
sectors are participating and talking to each other.
How?-
1.) By anchoring the coordination at the highest apex level,
2.) By creating coordination bodies at the river basin level,
3.) By devolving responsibility to the lowest appropriate level and
By developing human and institutional capacity.
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16. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Decentralized Water Resources Management
Water resources management has traditionally been approached in a
centralized, hierarchical manner. Many constitutions, legal frameworks, policies and
strategies still recognize IWRM in this way. However, with increasing water scarcity
and competition among different water users, it has recently been suggested that
WRM needs to combine both a top-down with a bottom-up approach. This involves a
combination of actions and responsibilities at the central level and others at the local
level. Decentralization of some WRM responsibilities to the local governments is
therefore imperative. But in order for such decentralized management to be effective
local communities need to be empowered and educated on WRM.The setting up of
local committees helps in raising awareness in the local areas of the roles and
responsibilities of different stakeholders in water resources management, thus
developing ownership for WRM. The committees were then made responsible for the
compensation to the local population due to the installation of power lines linked to
hydropower infrastructure. Since then, as the institutions have gradually become
stronger, they have been involved in the preparation of local WRM plans and the
implementation of programs. With further strengthening and capacity building, their
responsibilities will grow with the long-term goal of transitioning to relatively self-
sufficient organizations.
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17. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
WATER RESOURCE DEPARTMENTATION AS HOW IT IS MANAGED.
Green water, blue water, grey water…
0.1%
Domestic
Products
Export
Virtual
100% Withdrawals Water
Rivers Returns
•Domestic •wastewater
lakes •industry •surplus
Blue aquifers Ocean
River
Irrigation
s
36%
Green Soil
Moisture Transpiration
Domestic
Food
Export
Virtual
6.5% Water
PAGE NO.17
18. HEALTH BENEFITS OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Water supply and health Adequate quantities of safe water for consumption
Lack of improved domestic water supply leads to and its use to promote hygiene are complementary
disease through two principal transmission routes measures for protecting health. The quantity of water
People use depends upon their ease of access to it. If
• Waterborne disease transmission occurs by drinking water is available through a house or yard connection
contaminated water. This has taken place in many people will use large quantities for hygiene, but
dramatic outbreaks of faecal–oral diseases such as consumption drops significantly when water must be
cholera and typhoid. Outbreaks of waterborne disease carried for more than a few minutes from a source to
continue to occur across the developed and develop- the household (9).
ing world. Evidence suggests that waterborne disease
contributes to background rates of disease not Sanitation and health
detected as outbreaks. The waterborne diseases Sanitation facilities interrupt the transmission of
include those transmitted by the faecal–oral route much faecal–oral disease at its most important source
(including diarrhoea, typhoid, viral hepatitis A, cholera, by preventing human faecal contamination of water and
dysentery) and dracunculiasis. International efforts soil. Epidemiological evidence suggests that sanitation
focus on the permanent eradication of dracunculiasis is at least as effective in preventing disease as
(Guinea worm disease). Improved water supply. Often, however, it involves major
• Water-washed disease occurs when there is a lack behavioural changes and significant household cost.
Of sufficient quantities of water for washing and per- Sanitation is likely to be particularly effective in
sonal hygiene. When there is not enough water, peo- controlling worm infections. Adults often think of
ple. sanitation in adult terms, but the safe disposal of
Cannot keep their hands, bodies and domestic children’s faeces is of critical importance. Children are
environments clean and hygienic. Without enough the main victims of diarrhoea and other faecal–oral
water, skin and eye infections (including trachoma) disease, and also the most likely source of infection.
Are easily spread, as are the faecal–oral diseases. Child-friendly toilets, and the development of effective
• Diarrhoea is the most important public health prob- school sanitation programmes, are important and
lem affected by water and sanitation and can be both popular strategies for promoting the demand for
waterborne and water-washed. Sanitation facilities and enhancing their impact.
PAGE NO.18
19. HEALTH HAZARDS OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
• Approximately 4 billion cases of diarrhoea each to trachoma, Esrey et al. 4 found that providing
year cause 2.2 million deaths, mostly among adequate quantities of water reduced the median
children under the age of five. This is equivalent infection rate by 25%.
To one child dying every 15 seconds, or 20 jumbo jets • 200 million people in the world are infected with
crashing every day. These deaths represent approxi- schistosomiasis, of which 20 million suffer severe
mately 15% of all child deaths under the age of five consequences. The disease is still found in 74
In developing countries. Water, sanitation, and countries of the world. Esrey et al., in reviewing
hygiene interventions reduce diarrhoeal disease on epidemiological studies, found a median 77%
average by between one-quarter and one-third. reduction from well-designed water and sanitation
• Intestinal worms infect about 10% of the population interventions.
Of the developing world. These can be controlled • Arsenic in drinking water is a major public health
through better sanitation, hygiene and water supply threat. According to data from about 25 000 tests on.
Intestinal parasitic infections can lead to wells in Bangladesh, 20% have high levels of arsenic
malnutrition, anaemia and retarded growth, (above 0.05 mg/l). These wells were not, however,
depending upon the severity of the infection. selected at random and may not reflect the true
• It is estimated that 6 million people are blind from percentage.. Many people are working hard in
trachoma and the population at risk from this Bangladesh, West Bengal and other affected areas
disease is approximately 500 million. Considering the to understand the problem and identify the solution.
more rigorous epidemiological studies linking water
PAGE NO.19
20. MULTIPLE CRITERIA ANALYSIS (MCA) IN
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (WRM)
Abstract Multiple criteria analysis (MCA) is a
framework for ranking or scoring the overall performance of
decision options against multiple objectives. The approach has
widespread and growing application in the field of water
resource management. Water resource management decisions are
typically guided by multiple objectives measured in different
units. Multiple criteria analysis (MCA) represents a body of
techniques potentially capable of improving the transparency,
auditability and analytic rigour of these decisions. The MCA
framework ranks or scores the performance of alternative
decision options against multiple criteria which are typically
measured in different units.
In the study of MCA applications in WRM eight types of
MCA application in water resource management were identified:
1. Catchment management. This involves applications of
MCA to problems of whole catchment management, which are
often concerned with land use and land management patterns.
An example of this application can be drawn from Chang et al.
(1997) where MCA methods are employed to evaluate land
management strategies within a catchment in Tweng–Wen
reservoir watershed in Taiwan. Land use within the catchment is
guided by economic and environmental objectives.
2. Ground water management. These studies use MCA
specifically for the management of groundwater, often to
21. determine the best ways of remediation of contaminated
groundwater supplies. It is illustrated by Almasri and
Kaluarachchi (2005) who use MCA to evaluate options for
managing nitrate contamination of groundwater in the
Sumas–Blaine aquifer in Washington State, US.
3. Infrastructure selection. These studies are concerned with
choosing major water infrastructure supply options for a city
or region. Most involve urban water supply. An example
comes from Eder et al. (1997) who use MCA techniques to
evaluate 12 water supply infrastructure options for the
Austrian part of the Danube River. The options involve
major infrastructure such as hydroelectric power schemes.
4. Project appraisal. These studies use MCA to rank or score
a set of water management projects which often involve
some form of water condition restoration activity. For
example, Al-Rashdan et al. (1999) use MCA to prioritize a
set of projects aimed to improve the environmental quality
of the Jordan River.
5. Water allocation. These applications involve decisions
about how much of a limited water resource is allocated to
competing uses. An example comes from Agrell et al.
(1998) who use MCA to inform water release decisions from
the Shellmouth Reservoir in south-west Manitoba, Canada.
Water release aims to deliver on multiple social, economic
and environmental uses.
6. Water policy and supply planning. This involves the
evaluation of policy options (e.g., levies, legislation,
awareness raising) and longer term strategic planning for a
region’s water supply. An example comes from Joubert et al.
22. (2003) where MCA is used to evaluate water demand and
supply management policies in Cape Town, South Africa.
7. Water quality management. These papers involved an
application of MCA primarily involving the evaluation of
options aimed specifically at improving water quality (as
opposed to supply). They often involve human and
ecosystem health objectives. An example comes from Lee
and Chang (2005) where MCA is used to develop a water
quality management plan for the Tou–Chen River Basin in
northern Taiwan.
8. Marine protected area management.5 This involves the
use of MCA to manage nearshore marine environments. One
such study by Fernandes et al. (1999) uses MCA to evaluate
coral reef management options in the Caribbean.]
An additional category was termed ‘method papers.’
These papers explored MCAmethods for water management on
a theoretical level.
So MCA is an application/technique involved in water
resource management.
23. Water Resource Management tools
What are the practical 'management
instruments'?
Water managers need practical ‘tool boxes’ in order to work.
I) Water resources assessment
1.) Data collection networks and assessment techniques
2.)Environmental impact assessment (EIA) techniques
3.) Risk management tools, for instance for floods and
droughts.
II) Communication and information:
1.) Raise awareness - a 'water movement' informed
stakeholder participation.
III) Allocation and conflict resolution:
1.) Allocation through market instruments
2.) Allocation based on the valuation of costs and benefits
3.)Tools for conflict resolution: upstream versus
downstream, sector versus sector, human versus nature.
24. IV) Regulatory instruments (3 types):
1.) Direct controls - regulations, rights, standards, land use
plans utility regulation, etc
2.) Economic instruments - prices, tariffs, subsidies,
incentives, fees, charges, markets, taxes, etc
V) Basic Principles:
1.) user-pays principle polluter-pays principle.
Subsidise the good, tax the bad.
2.) Encouraged self-regulation: transparent
. benchmarking, product labeling, etc.
3.) Technology:
1.) Research and development technology assessment
. 2.) Guidelines technology choice guidelines
And last but not least:
4.) Financing:
1.) Investment in IWRM - by users, governments, private
. sectors and donors.
2.) Banks – provides high returns to society...
25. WATER RESOURCE POLICY-IN INDIA-
A comprehensive policy on water is necessary on the
face of a growing number of social, economic and
environmental issues surrounding water resources for proper
water resource management in India. In 1987, the National
Water Resources Council adopted the National Water Policy
(NWP) and submitted the document to Parliament for
implementation. The NWP is the primary document stating the
position of the Government of India (GOI) on water resource
issues, ranging from drought and flood management to drinking
water provisions.
In essence, the policy serves as a guideline to help planners and
managers develop the country's water resources to its maximum
potential. But the adoption of the policy is also a step-forward for
the government in terms of promoting the sustainable
management of the country's water resources.
Water conservation by dams and their utilization:
(A type of WRM)
Dams as means of storing large quantities of water have
been constructed for the past more than a century in different
parts of the worked. During the 20thcentury, a very large
number of damswerebuilt in the USA, China, Russia, India, Eur
ope and other parts of the world. Many of these were multi-
26. purpose projects providing irrigation, hydropower, flood control
and other benefits to the society. The vast network of irrigation
canals in India provided a security against severe
water shortages and famines of the past. Coupled with the
adaptation of modem farming practices with high yielding
varieties of seeds, fertilizers etc., a sort of Green Revolution
took place in the irrigated areas of the country and sustained
food production with the population growth. Hydropower
provided a significant part of power
requirements in Europe, USA and India.
Drinking water requirements for several large cities and
parts of rural areas were also met by these newly created
storages. Large dam projects like the Bhakra, Nagarjunasagar,
Tungabhadra, Hirakud, and Beas. Ramganga, Sharavathi and
hundreds of other medium irrigation projects provided the
immediate requirements of water and power in the early
decades of the country's independence. The Bhakra and the
Nagarjunasagar have performed specially well and supported
the increase in agricultural production over a vast
area. In south India, the dams built on the Cauvery River in the
early part of this century have sustained agricultural production
(specially rice) for more than half a century and these structures
(Krishnarajasagar and Mettur Dams) are revered by the farmers
and the people of this area.
27. In south India, hydropower from storage dams has been the
main stay of the power requirements of the states of Karnataka
and Kerala for the last several decades.
Policies needed for the future-
(FOR WRM)
All mega-dam projects should be thoroughly
examined for cost benefits by independent authorities and
feasibility of satisfactory rehabilitation of those affected and
feasibility of mitigation of environmental impacts. If after all the
studies the project appears to be feasible, it should be split
up into several stages so that the benefits to the community start
accruing with a minimum of investment. If during the stage-wise
execution of the project, any of the environmental or
rehabilitation aspects cannot be resolved satisfactorily to all
concerned; the project needs to be reviewed before proceeding
further. It is also necessary that those getting affected by the
project should be made stakeholders not only in the
execution of the project but also in their | management all
through the operational life of the project Part of the benefits
from the project should accrue to the affected people on a
continuous basis throughout the life of the project.
28. A PRACTICAL WAY LAID DOWN IN DUBLIN
FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-
AS TO HOW WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
SHOULD BE?
The Dublin principles show the way
for Water Resource Management
The Dublin principles aim at wise water management with
focus on poverty.
Four simple, yet powerful messages were provided in
DUBLIN. They were the basis for the Rio Agenda 21 and
for the millennium Vision-to-Action.
The four principles are:
1.) Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource,
essential to sustain life, development and the
environment i.e. One resource, to be holistically
managed.
2.) Water development and management should be
based on a participatory approach; involving users,
planners and policy-makers at all levels i.e. manage
water with people - and close to people.
3.) Women play a central role in the provision,
management and safeguarding of water i.e. involve
women all the way!
29. 4.)Water has an economic value in all its
competing uses and should be recognized as an
economic good i.e. having ensured basic human
needs, allocate water to its highest value and move
towards full cost pricing to encourage rational use and
recover costs.
Poor water management hurts the poor most.
30. CASE STUDIES-
Managing the Whole Water Cycle
The consequence of focusing on surface water and
neglecting groundwater is shown by the perverse
outcome from the cap on surface water use in
Australia’s Murray-Darling basin. During the 1980s and
1990s, water abstractions grew rapidly in the Murray-
Darling basin primarily to service the growth of
irrigated crops. Because of concerns about the damage
being done to the aquatic environment, in 1995 a cap
was placed on further abstractions from surface waters
beyond the abstractions that were diverted in the
1993–94 year.
While the cap has (with a few exceptions) been adhered
to and surface water abstractions have remained
steady at about 11,200 gigaliters a year, there has
been a dramatic increase in groundwater use within the
basin. Groundwater licenses have been issued that
could allow the extraction of 3,261 gigaliters a year,
around 34 percent of the surface water allocation. An
estimated 186 gigaliters a year of stream flow have
already been captured due to the growth in groundwater
31. extraction from the introduction.
The cap until 1999/2000 because of the connectivity
between surface water and groundwater. This figure
will grow as abstractions from less directly connected
groundwater systems start to have an impact on
rivers.
A review in 2000 recommended that the surface
water cap be replaced with an integrated surface water
and groundwater cap that was based on the water
needed for ecosystem functioning, rather than water
abstraction in an arbitrary year. This recommendation
has now been enacted in the
2007 Water Act.
Pani Roko Abhiyan
For the first time in the last 50 years, several state
governments are dealing with drought in a different ways -
moving away from drought relief to drought mitigation. In
Gujarat Pani Roko Abhiyan was started in the year 2001
when 23 out of 25 districts were drought hit and ground water
level receded alarmingly, causing a loss of Rs. 4000 corers in
agriculture to Gujarat government. Sardar Patel Participatory
Water Conservation Programme.
(SPPWCP) was then initiated. In the programme the
40% cost is met by villagers and 60% cost by State
government. By the end of the 2000, 13,539 structures had
been erected. The villagers contributed Rs. 200 corers from
which 2500 check dams were planned. Due to the 2001
32. earthquake, only 800 structures could be made in this year. In
Madhya Pradesh also Pani Roko Abhiyan started from
Kalalhoont village of Jhabua district when it was crippled
by two consecutive droughts, an NGO, Action for Social.
Advancement (ASA) offered the villagers to
renovate tanks with 25% contribution of villagers. ASA,
villagers and State govt. accepted the challenge and turned a
calamity into an opportunity. The water, which was stored, was
enough to irrigate more than 61 hectares of land and additionally
recharged the wells. Such initiatives were started all over M.P.
M.P. government spent Rs. 316 crore while people contributed
Rs. 99 crore and the scheme reached out to all the 52,000
villages in the state.
33. CONCLUSION-
The current rate of population growth, combined with
the growing strain on available water resources, India could
well have the dubious distinction of having the largest
number of water-deprived persons in the world in the next
25 years. This is the scenario if the available resources are
not managed judiciously and with care.
Urbanisation and an ever-increasing population in the
recent decades have contaminated water bodies, thus
making them unfit for use. These, coupled with growing
needs, have led to increasing dependency on ground water.
Excessive tapping of ground water, through numerous
boreholes, has led to a decline in the water table, whose
means of replenishing itself have been greatly hampered.
Eighty-five per cent of India’s urban population has
access to drinking water but only 20% of the available
drinking water meets health and safety standards. It is
estimated that by the year 2050, half of India’s population
will be living in urban areas and will face acute water
problems. Furthermore, there are serious inequities in the
distribution of water. Consumption of water ranges from
16 litres per day to 3 litres per day depending on the city
and the economic strata of the Indian consumer.
The water in rivers is wasted as it flows into the
oceans and is not properly harnessed. The debate on dams
as a means of harnessing water continues to make this issue
politically and environmentally sensitive. No clear
ecologically stable and financially viable solution has
emerged. Water projects can bring many positive changes
34. to the lives of poor people and can work particularly to
improve the lives of rural women, small farmers etc.
Governments play and will continue to play a critical role in
rural development and resource management. Governments
define the legal, policy and institutional frameworks within
which water resources are managed and rural economies
and societies function. The concept of Pani Panchayats has
come to stay, if the state functionaries fail in their duty to
provide basic means of livelihood to its masses, the people
will and should be encouraged to manage their own local
resources. To this end, if conservation of wetlands is left to
the management of local self government institutions, this
will dilute State entity and will lead to increased people
participation in decision making. If every State adopts
strategy to tap rain water, scarcity would be a matter,
forgotten.
Hence Water resource management is essential, not
only in INDIA but around the globe.
