2. Introduction
Steel has been made since 200 BC
Mass production of steel from iron ore, coke & limestone dated back to
the 1850s
Important component for many industries
Buildings
Ship
Automobile
Home appliances
Possible replacement – aluminium, carbon fibre
Constant changes in the industry
3. Steel production process
(Traditional method)
Large, vertically integrated complex
Iron ore is converted into molten iron & then into steel
High investment, large labour required
Competition from “Mini-mills”
Low cost, less labour and low grade metal
Located near customers
4. Turbulence & Consolidation
Mini-mills accounted for 1/3rd of steel production all over the world
Large firms in Europe & USA facing difficulties
Increased productivity led to over capacity in stagnant market
LTV steel filed for bankruptcy
Demand increased in 2003 due to economic expansion
5. Mittal Steel – the early days
Mittal steel started life in 1970s as “Ispat Industries” by M.L Mittal
Small scale steel production firm based in Bangalore & Kolkata
Expansion in India was difficult due to strict regulations
Ispat went to Indonesia as the market was unregulated
Company grew but found problems in acquiring good quality scrap
Alternative to scrap as raw material was “Direct Reduced Iron(DRI)”
Cheaper, few impurities & less energy in conversion
“Iscot” was leased to Ispat and within 12 months made it profitable
In 1994, Ispat acquired Iscot for $101 million
6. Growth in mature industry
Mexico invited Ispat to take over Sibalsa plant
In 1995, Ispat revived “Kannet” 3rd largest steel plant in soviet union
In 1994, Ispat business was split into two new companies
LNM Holdings
Ispat International
In 1997, Ispat International listed on NYSE and Amsterdam stock exchange
7. Becoming number one
Started to penetrate USA & Canada
Acquisitions
1998 – Inland Steel
2004 – International Steel Group
2005 – Arcelor
Buy out of LNM by Ispat International for $4.5 billion
9. Q.1 How well does the steel industry fit the life cycle model? Allocate rough
dates to the different life cycle phases identifiable in the case.
200 BC – 1850
1850 – 1980
1980 – 2001
Market
Small
Growing
Large
Competition
Low
Moderate
High
Sales
Low
High
Flattening
Business Focus
Awareness
Market Share
Customer Retention
None
10. Q.2 How was Ispat/Mittal steel able to grow so strongly in a mature market?
How well did its strategies fir with those normally recommended for this type
of industry?
L N Mittal's faith in DRI (direct reduced iron) technology governed his choice of
acquisitions
Starting in Indonesia in 1976, he bought mini steel mills using the DRI route in
various countries
Lakshmi Mittal championed the practice of mini mills becoming integrated
producers through the use of scrap alternatives
This faith created Mittal's reputation as a doctor of sick steel mills
In 1991, this reputation brought the Mexican government knocking at his door &
invited to take unprofitable Sibalsa plant
Company renamed Ispat Mexicana achieved 110% capacity utilization within 4
years
Ispat makes further successful turnarounds in places like Canada, New Zealand
In 1995, Ispat bought Karmet steel of Kazakhstan
Become number 1 after acquisition of Arcelor, the 2nd largest steel maker
11. Q.2 How was Ispat/Mittal steel able to grow so strongly in a mature market?
How well did its strategies fir with those normally recommended for this type
of industry?
The company expanded from a wire rod manufacturer in Indonesia to the
largest steel producer in the world, largely through an acquisitive strategy.
Capital intensive industries like Steel industries need a high volume of
production and a high margin of profit to be able to provide adequate returns
on investment
The acquiring companies have an advantage to lower their risks and exposures
to volatile industry segments like steel industry
Such acquisition helps to achieve growth by broadening their product lines and
increasing their market share
The company would be able to achieve maximum synergies in marketing,
trading and purchasing
Another source of synergy involved is the integration of the technologies and
research & development (R&D) processes.
12. Q.3 Where in the life cycle is the steel industry at the end of the case?
Appraise Mittal Steel’s strategic moves in 2004 – 2006 in light of your
conclusion?
At the end of the case the life cycle of steel industry is at “Growth Stage”
Demand for steel industry is increasing continuously
13. Q.3 Where in the life cycle is the steel industry at the end of the case?
Appraise Mittal Steel’s strategic moves in 2004 – 2006 in light of your
conclusion?
Acquisition of Arcelor for $33 billion
First company to produce 100 million tonnes of steel
Killing one of its competitor
Combined global market share of 10%