1.  Architectural metaphors in concept maps passage through time more important less important more salient less salient rhetorical flow argument direction Tools: architecture confusion software default faults mind map softo: metaphors 'center is topic' 'outward is quasi-random' Cmap Tools software: default starting point is mid-screen, despite top-down architectural metaphor double-click to create a concept Concept mapping pitfalls: metaphors and branching overarching subordinate abstract concrete

2. Japanese is a between-the-lines language: priming effects are derived from syntactic factors. Priming in metaphor comprehension Kurosawa, M., & Kawahara,T. (1999). Alignment or Abstraction? Metaphor comprehension in Japanese. Proceedings, Second International Conference on Cognitive Science . http://www.jcss.gr.jp/iccs99OLP/p3-19/p3-19.htm In Japanese: Target- primed metaphor processing Base-primed metaphor processing (inverted form of metaphor) > fast Gentner and Wolff (1997): primacy of abstraction factors in metaphor comprehension in English , a specificity-oriented language. . Gentner,D., & Wolff, P. (1997). Alignment in the processing of metaphor. Journal of Memory and Language , 37, 331--355  !! discontinuity In English: Lawrie Hunter Kochi University of Technology http://lawriehunter.com

3. Branching in syntax Japanese is a left-branching language Mazuka, R. (1998) The development of language strategies: a cross-linguistic study between Japanese and English. Erlbaum. Sentential Japanese has delayed reveal of significand. Right-branching Yesterday I 1 went 2 to the DIY 3 to get 4 a screwdriver 5 to repair 6 my glasses 7 Left-branching 昨日、眼鏡 7 を直す 6 ためのドライバー 5 を買い 4 にホームセンター 3 に行きました 2 。 Kinou, megane 7 wo naosu 6 tame no doraibaa 5 wo kai 4 ni houmu sentaa 3 ni ikimashita 2 . Clause semantic completeness is not the primary processing unit in initial segmentation In English clause semantic completeness is the primary processing unit in initial segmentation Branching in mapping software -in mind maps: radial, random -in Novakian maps: top down, articulate, nodes sentences or nouns -in CmapTools: Novakian, default radial -in RST tool: bottom up (conceptually), nodes tend to be sentences. 