1. Chapter 7 Lesson 7.1
Skeletal system
206 bones make up the
skeletal system
Functions
1. Supports and protects
2. Makes red and white
blood cells
3. Stores minerals like
calcium and phosphorus
4. Aid in movement,
muscles attach to bones

2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FUNCTION - MOVEMENT
MORE THAN 650 MUSCLES IN
THE BODY
Two categories: VOLUNTARY
AND INVOLUNTARY
MUSCLES ALSO
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEART
BEATING AND YOU BREATHING

3. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Two broad divisions:
1. Axial skeleton
•trunk of the body
•Includes
a. vertebral column
b. skull
c. thoracic cage (ribs, sternum,
and vertebrae),
d. hyoid bone (in the neck)

4. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Two broad divisions:
1. Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton –
2.
the appendages and their girdles
(where they attach to the axial
skeleton).

5. Axial skeleton
Skull – Cranial bones divided
into two main parts:
1. CRANIUM
 LARGEST PART OF THE SKULL IS MADE
OF THE CRANIAL BONES
 HAS 8 BONES THAT ARE JOINED
INCLUDES BONES OF THE BACK OF
HEAD, SIDE, AND TOP

6. Axial skeleton
Skull – Cranial bones divided into two main parts:
1. CRANIUM

2. FACIAL
14 BONES
FACE AND JAW

7. Bones of the Cranium

8. Parietal

9. Occipital

10. Temporal

11. Sutures - in adults where the bones
of cranium are joined tightly
together which will absorb shock.
Frontanels – tough membrane in
babies/children where the bones of
cranium are connected which allows
a baby’s brain to grow.

13. Facial Bones

14. Frontal

15. Maxilla
Makes up central portion of face
Where upper teeth are attached
Maxilla

16. Mandible
•Lower jaw
•Lower teeth attach
•Moves
•Held to skull by
ligaments
•Ligaments are Mandible
connective tissue
that hold bones to
bones

17. Palate – roof of mouth formed
by palatine bones and
maxillary bones
Palatine bone
Maxilla

18. Sinuses – air-filled pockets
(hollow spaces in the bone)
located within the bones of
the face and around the nasal
cavity.
Function:
Sound
resonation
Makes skull

19. Hyoid bone – in the upper
neck and where muscles
like tongue attach.

20. Smallest bones of body in the ear and
include:
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes(stirrup)
Function: to
amplify
the sound

21. Vertebral Column
Function: to protect the
spinal cord and support
the body.
Composed of 26 vertebrae
or individual bones.

22. Types of Vertebrae:
•7 cervical (head attaches)
•12 thoracic (ribs attach)
•5 lumbar (support weight)
•5 fused sacral – five fused
vertebrae
• 4 fused coccyx also called the
tailbone

24. C1: To blood supply to the head, pituitary gland, scalp, bones of the face, brain inner and middle ear,
sympathetic nervous system, eyes, ears
C2: To eyes, optic nerves, auditory nerves, sinuses, mastoid bones, tongue, forehead, heart
C3: To cheeks, outer ear, face, bones, teeth, trifacial nerve, lungs
C4: To nose, lips, mouth, Eustachian tube, mucus membranes, lungs
C5: To vocal cords, neck glands, pharynx
C6: To neck muscles, shoulders, tonsils
C7: Tothyroid gland, bursa in the shoulders, elbows
T1: To arms from the elbows down, including hands, arms, wrists and fingers; esophagus and trachea,
heart
T2: To heart, including its valves and covering coronary arteries; lungs bronchial tubes
T3: To lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura, chest, breast, heart
T4: To gallbladder, common duct, heart, lungs, bronchial tubes
T5: To liver, solar plexus, circulation (general), heart, esophagus, stomach
T6: To stomach, esophagus, peritoneum, liver, duodenum
T7: To kidneys, appendix, testes, ovaries, uterus, adrenal cortex, spleen, pancreas, large intestine
T8: To spleen, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, adrenal cortex, small intestine, pyloric valve
T9: To adrenal cortex, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, ovaries, uterus, small intestine
T10: To kidneys, appendix, testes, ovaries, uterus, adrenal cortex, spleen, pancreas, large intestine
T11: To kidneys, ureters, large intestine, urinary bladder, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, uterus,
ovaries, ileocecal valve
T12: To small intestine, lymph circulation, large intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, kdneys, ileocecal valve
L1: To large intesine, inguinal rings, uterus
L2: To appendix, abdomen, upper leg, urinary bladder
L3: To sex organs, uterus, bladder, knee, prostate, large intestine
L4: To prostate gland, muscles of the lower back, sciatic nerve
L5: To lower legs, ankles, feet, prostate
Sacrum: To hip bones, buttocks, rectum, sex organs, genitalia, urinary bladder, ureter, prostate
Sacral Plexus: Forms the sciatic as well as other nerves that go to muscles, joints and other structures of
the legs, knees, ankles, feet and toes
Coccyx: To rectum, anus

25. Spinal curvature:
Spine is “S” shaped with 4
curvatures:
cervical – convex (forward)
thoracic – concave (back)
lumbar – convex (forward)
sacral – concave (back)
Curved spine acts as a shock
absorber, and for strength and

27. Vertebral column is made up
of vertebrae stacked upon
each other.

28. •Between the
vertebrae are the
intervertebral disc
made up of cartilage.
•Cartilage – tough,
rubbery connective
tissue.
•Disk act as shock
absorbers.

29. Atlas and axis – first two
cervical vertebrae that
support head and allow
for sideways movement.

30. Abnormalities of the curvature of
the spine:
Scoliosis – abnormal sideways
curve of the spine.
Kyphosis – (hunchback) abnormal
curve of the thoracic vertebrae
Lordosis – (swayback) abnormal
curve of the lumbar vertebrae

32. Thoracic cage:
Function: protects organs such
as the heart and lungs
Includes:
ribs and sternum

33. Ribs
Attach to the thoracic
vertebrae in back and
most attach to the
sternum in the front by
costal cartilage
There are 12 pairs for
both male and female,
but one of best areas for
regenerating

34. Types of Ribs:
•True ribs – first seven
pairs that connect to
sternum directly by costal
cartilage.
•False ribs – last five pair
that indirectly attach by
joining the cartilage of the
7th rib or don’t attach to the
sternum at all.

35. Types of Ribs:
•True ribs
•False ribe
•Floating ribs – last
two pairs of false ribs
that do not attach to
sternum directly or
indirectly.