metode penelitian kualitatif bidang ilmu komunikasi. paradigma penelitian hingga teknik sampling untuk kualitatif

1. RORO RETNO WULAN

2. Basic Belief (Methaphysics) of Alternative Inquiry Paradigms
item Positivism Postpositivism Critical Theory Constructivism
Ontolo
gy
Naive realism—
“real” reality
but
apprehendable
Critical
realism—“real”
reality but only
interfectly and
probabilistically
apprehendable
Historical realism
– virtual realitry
shaped by social,
political, cultural,
economic, ethnic
and gender
values;
crystallized over
time
Relativism –
local and
specific
constructed
realities
Episte
mo-logy
Dualist/objecti
vist: findings
true
Modified
dualist/
objectivist;
critical
tradition/comm
unity ; findings
probably true
Transactional/
subjectivist; value
mediated findings
Transactional/
subjectivist/
created findings

3. item Positivism Postpositivism Critical Theory Constructivism
Inquiry
Explanation, prediction and
Aim
control
Critique and
transformation;
restitution and
emancipation
Understanding;
reconstruction
Metho
do-logy
Experimental/
manipulative;
verification of
hypotheses;
chiefly
quantitative
methods
Modified
experimental/
manipulative;
critical
multiplism;
falsification of
hypotheses; may
include
qualitative
methods
Dialogical/
dialectical
Hermeunetical/
diallectical
(Guba & Denzin, 2000; 165)

4. A TYPICAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
APPROACH
Penelitian dimulai dari ide yang dihaluskan menjadi pertanyaan
penelitian
Review literatur membangun pengetahuan tentang ide penelitian
Desain disusun sebagai guideline dalam melaksanakan penelitian
Pengumpulan data bisa jadi sangat banyak dalam penelitian kualitatif
Analisis: data reduction, data display, and conclusion & verification
Penulisan laporan harus memungkinkan evaluasi analisis dan temuan

5. Assumption Question Quantitative Qualitative
Ontological
Assumption
What is the
nature of reality?
Reality is objective and singuler,
apart from the researcher
Reality is subjective and multiple as
seen by participants in a study
Epistemological
Assumption
What is the
relationship of
the researcher to
that researched?
Researcher is independent from
that being researched
Researcher interacts with that being
researched
Axiological
Assumption
What is the role
of values?
Value-free and unbiased Value-laden and biased
Rhetorical
Assumption
What is the
language of
research?
•Formal
•Based on set Definitions
•Impersonal Voice
•Use of accepted quantitative words
•Informal
•Evolving decisions
•Personal voice
•Accepted qualitative words
Methological
Assumption
What is the
process of
research?
•Deductive
•Cause and effect
•Static design-categories isolated
before study
•Context – free
•Generalizations leading to
prediction, explanation, and
understanding
•Accurate and reliable through
validity and reliability
•Induvtive process
•Mutual simultaneous shaping of
factors
•Emerging design-categories identified
during research processs
•Context-bound
•Patterns, theories developed for
understanding
•Accurate and reliable throuhg
verification

6.  Realitas atau fenomena yang diteliti dipandang
sebagai sesuatu yang rumit, bersifat ganda,
dinamis dan dikonstruksikan
 Kegiatan penelitian pada prinsipnya dimaksudkan
untuk tidak untuk menguji teori dan mencari atau
melahirkan teori (theoritical generating).
 Logika penelitian dibangun secara induktif.
 Hubungan penelitian dan subyek penelitian bersifat
akrab, interaktif, timbal balik
 Perilaku manusia tidak sepenuhnya dapat
diramalkan.
 Kriteria penelitian adalah otentisitas
 Meneliti hal-hal khusus, perilaku tersembunyi,
perilaku yang bermakna historis, sampel kecil
bersifat purposif

7. TEORI
KONSEP
OPERASIONALISASI
KONSTRUK
VARIABEL
KONSEP
KONSTRUK
VARIABEL
PROPOSISI
HIPOTESIS

8.  Fenomenologi
 Etnologi
 Etnometodologi
 Studi kasus
 Dramaturgi
 Interaksi simbolik
 Analisis Wacana

9.  Dalam penelitian kualitatif, karena yang
menjadi instrumen adalah periset, maka
validitas dam reliabilitas penelitian ada pada
peneliti.
 Keabsahan data tergantung kepada:
 Kompetensi subyek riset
 Trustworthiness: authenticity & analisis
triangulasi
 Inter subjectivity agreement
 Conscientization

10.  Non probabilitas  tdk mendapat peluang
yang sama setiap anggota populasi
 Sampling purposif
 Sampling kuota
 Sampling kebetulan
 Sampling snowball
 Sampling berdasarkan kemudahan

11. Oktober 2014