Chapter 1 introduction (student)

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Mechanical Energy
1.1 Understanding Physics

PHYSICS
Mechanical Energy
Study of the natural phenomena and the
properties of matter. Heat Energy

Light Energy
Solid Matter Energy

Wave Energy
Liquid states forms

Electrical Energy
Gas

Nuclear Energy

Chemical Energy

Properties of Relationship Relationship Properties of
Matter with with Energy
energy matter

in the fields of

Mechanics Heat Wave Electronics

Properties Light Electricity & Atomic Physics
of matter Electromagnetism & Nuclear

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1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Base quantity
1 A physical quantity is ……………………………………………………………………..
2 Examples of scientific instruments :………………………………………………………
3 A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical
quantities.
4 Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured.

The list of physical quantities :
1. ……………………………………….
2. ……………………………………….
3. ……………………………………….
4. ……………………………………….
5. ……………………………………….
6. ……………………………………….
7. ……………………………………….
8. ……………………………………….

bat t er y

5 List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units.
Base quantity Symbol S.I. Unit Symbol for S.I. Unit
Length
Mass
Time
Current
Temperature

6 Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are :
i) …………………………..unit ………….. ii) ………………………. unit
……………..

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Standard Form

1 Standard form = A x 10n , 1 < A < 10 and n = integer
2 Standard form is used to …………………………………………………………………...
3 Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following
quantities in standard form :
a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =………………………………………………….
b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg =………...
c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = ………………………………………………………
b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = …………………………………………...
c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = ……………………………………………..
Prefixes

1. Prefixes are usually used to ………………………………………………………………...
2. It will be written ……………………………………………………………………………
3. The list of prefixes : Eg :
10 12 Tera (T)
1 Tm = …………………………………….
109 Giga (G)
3.6 mA = …………………………………….
106 Mega (M)
2
10 3 How to change the unit ;
101 kilo (k) Hekto (ha)
10 Deka (da) 1. Mega to nano
10-1
0
10-2
10 desi (d)
centi (s)
10-3 mili (m)

10-6 micro (µ) 2. Tera to micro

10-9 nano (n)

10-12 pico (p)
3. piko to Mega

4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and
small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the
quantities in standard prefixes:
a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = ………………………………………….
b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = ………………………………………………
c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = ………………………
d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = ………………………

3

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Derived quantities

1 A derived quantity is …….…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities.

Derived Name of
Formula Derived unit
quantity derived unit
area area = length x width m x m = m2 –
volume volume = length x width x height m x m x m = m3 –

mass
density density = –
volume

displacement
velocity velocity = –
time
momentum momentum = mass x velocity kg m s-1 –

change in velocity
Acceleration acceleration = –
time

Force force = mass x acceleration kg m s-2 Newton (N)
force
pressure pressure =
area
weight weight = mass x gravitational acceleration
work work = force x displacement

work
power power =
time

1
kinetic energy K.E = × mass × velocity 2
2

potential
P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height Kg ms-2 Joule (J)
energy

charge charge = current x time Ampere second Coulomb (C)
(As)
work
voltage voltage = J C-1 Volt (v)
charge

voltage
resistance resistance = v A-1 Ohm (Ω)
current

Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement,
perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length.

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1.3 SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

1 Scalar quantities are ………………………………………………………………………
Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………
2 Vector quantities are………………………………………………………………………...
Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………
3 Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require
magnitude, direction or both to specify them.

Description of events Magnitude Direction
1. The temperature in the room is 25 0C
2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the
north-west of Johor Bahru
3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W
4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru
to Kuala Lumpur

1.4 MEASUREMENTS
Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure

1 There are various types of………………………………………………………………….

2 We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to ……………………………..

3 Examples of instrument and its measuring ability.

Measuring instrument Range of measurement Smallest scale division
Measuring tape
Meter rule
Vernier caliper
Micrometer screw gauge

4 Sample of measuring instruments :
4.1 Ammeter
incorret reading 1 2 3 correct
1 2 3
0 4 reading
0 4

pointer mirror
pointer
4.2 Measuring cylinder mirror
Pointer’s image can be seen
wrong position of eye Pointer’s image is behind the pointer
Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of
the scale)
wrong position of eye

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water

4.3 Ruler

wrong right wrong

10 11 12 13 14 15 Reading = ……………… cm

4.4 Vernier calliper

A venier calliper is used to measure :
a. ………………………………………………b. ………………………………………….

c. ………………………………………………d. ………………………………………….

A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of ..…. …..cm.

inside jaws
cmVernier scale
0 1 2 3 4 Main
SKALAscale
UTAMA
0
outside jaws
5 10
Main scale in cm

Length of vernier scale = ……… cm 0 1

Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions
0 5 10 Vernier scale
Length of the divisions = ………. cm The differenct between the main scale and vernier scale
is = ……………………………. cm

0 1 cm

Main scale = …………………. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Find the division of
Vernier scale = ………………….. vernier scale which is
coincides with any part of
Final reading = ………………….. the main scale
The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading.

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0 1

0 5 10 Vernier calliper reading = ……………. cm
4.5 Micrometer screw gauge.
A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure :
a. ………………………………………………
b. ………………………………………….
c. ………………………………………………

One complete turn of the thimble
(50 division) moves the spindle by
0.50 mm.
Division of thimble
= …………………..
= ………………….. Sleeve scale : ……………
A accuracy of micrometer
screw gauge = …………….. Thimble scale : ………….

Total reading : …………..

Example :
Sleeve scale : ……………

Thimble scale : ………….
Total reading : …………...

4.6 Some others measuring instruments :

………………………
…………………… ……………………… ………..

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………………………. …………………….. ………………
Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing
appropriate instruments.
Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. Write down the readings shown by the following
(a) 7
8

Answer: ……………..
0 5 10

4 5
(b) A B

P Q Answer: ……………..
0 5 10

(c)
6 7
Answer: ……………

0 5 1
0
(d) Answer: ……………..
0 1

0 5 10

2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.

0 1

0 5 10

Zero error = ………… cm
(b). The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are
40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.

5 6

8

0 5 10

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Reading shown = ……….cm

Corrected reading = ………..cm
3. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)

40 0 35
0 5 5 10

35 30

Answer: …………………………. Answer:…………………..

(c) (d)
0
25 0 5 20

20 15

Answer:………………………… Answer:…………………….

4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

0 0 5
0

45
0

Zero error = …0.02…….. mm Zero error = …0.03…….. mm

(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

5 0 5 20
0

0
9

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15

Zero error = 0.03………mm Reading shown = 6.67………..mm

Corrected reading = 6.64………..mm

5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)

40 0 35
0 5 5 10

35 30

Answer: …6.88 mm………… Answer: …..12.32 mm……
(c) (d)
0
25 0 5 20

20 15

Answer:………4.71 mm………… Answer: 9.17 mm…………

6. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

0 0 5
0

45
0

Zero error = …-0.02 mm Zero error = …0.03.. mm

(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

5 0 5 20
0

0
15

Reading shown = …... mm
Corrected reading = ……mm
Zero error = ……mm
Accuracy and consistency in
measurements.

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1. Accuracy : …………………………………………………………………………………

2. Consistency : ………………………………………………………………………………

3. Sensitivity : …………………………………………………………………………………

target

………………………… ……………………… ……………………………..

target
…………………….. …………………………….. ………………………………
Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of
some measuring instruments.

Errors in measurements
1. All measurements are values ………………………………………………………………
2. In other word, it is a matter of ……………………………………………………………
3. This is because ……………………………………………………………………………
4. Two main types of errors:
4.1 ……………………………………………
Occurs due to :
a) ………………………………………………………………………………………
b) ………………………………………………………………………………………
c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples :
a) ………………………………………………………………………………………
b) ………………………………………………………………………………………
c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Absolute error :
……………………………………………………………………………………….

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….

Example :

Parallax error : ………………………………………………………………………………

0 1 cm
0 1 cm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Zero error =
Zero error =

Zero error : …………………………………………………………………………………...
Correct reading = observed reading – zero error
Positive zero error negative zero error

Horizontal Horizontal
reference 3 divisions above
reference
2 divisions below
horizontal reference
horizontal reference

Zero error of screw meter gauge
Positive zero error
Zero error = Zero error =

4.2 ……………………………………………..
Occurs due to
a) ………………………………………………………………………………………
b) ………………………………………………………………………………………
c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Example :
a) …………………………………………………………………………………..…

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b) ……………………………………………………………………………………..
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1.5 SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION

Steps Explanation

Making
1
observation

Drawing
2
inferences

Identifying
3 and controlling
variables

Formulating a
4
hypothesis

Conducting
5
experiments

Plan and report an experiment

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Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a
playground. It is found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different.
Steps Example : refer to the situation above
1 Inference
2 Hypothesis

3 Aim

4 Variables

5 List of
apparatus and
materials
6 Arrangement of
the apparatus

7 Procedures

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8 Tabulate the
data

9 Analyse the
data

Discussion Precautions :
1
1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady
0 state.
2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy.
3. Discussion (refer to given questions)
Conclusion
1 The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases.
1 Hypothesis accepted.

Reinforcement Chapter 1

Part A :Objective Question
2. Which of the following is a derived
1. Which of the following is a base SI quantity?
quantity? A Length B Mass
A Weight B Energy C Temperature D Voltage
C Velocity D Mass
3. Which of the following is not a basic

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unit? A mili, senti, mikro, desi
A Newton B kilogram B mikro, mili, senti, desi
C ampere D second C mili, mikro, desi, senti
D desi, mikro, mili, senti
4. Which of the following quantities
cannot be derived? 12. Velocity, density, force and energy are
A Electric current B Power A basic quantities
C Momentum D Force B scalar quantities
C derived quantities
5. Which of the following quantities is D vector quantities
not derived from the basic physical
quantity of length? 13. Which of the following shows the
A Electric charge B Density correct conversion of units?
C Velocity D Volume A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3
B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3
6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v, C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10-2 m3
time t and another physical quantity k D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3
is related by the equation v - u = kt.
The unit for k is 14. Which of the following measurements
A m s-1 B m-1 s is the shortest ?
-2
C ms D m2 s-2 A 3.45 x 103 m
B 3.45 x 104 cm
7. Which of the following has the C 3.45 x 107 mm
smallest magnitude? D 3.45 x 1012 µm
A megametre B centimetre
C kilometre D mikrometre 15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio
waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in
8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is the north region. What is the frequency
A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m of the radio wave in Hz?
C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m A 9.28 x 104 B 9.28 x 105
7
C 9.28 x 10 D 9.28 x 1010
9. Which of the following measurements
is the longest? 16. An object moves along a straight line
A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm for time, t. The length of the line, s is
C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10-11 km 1 2
given by the equation s = gt . The
2
10. The diameter of a particle is 250 µm. SI unit of g is
What is its diameter in cm? A m2 s2 B m s-2
-1
A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4 C s D s-2 m
C 2.5 x 10 -6
D 2.5 x 10-8 Part B : Structure Question

11. Which of the following prefixes is
arranged in ascending order?
1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as
shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the
two towns.
P Q

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Figure 1
(a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective
SI units.

………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Convert the value 1 . m to standard form.
5 x 10-3

(c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix.

Table 1
(d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in
terms of its basic units.

(e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form.

2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 0—3 A range.

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Figure 2

(a) (i) Name component X. ………………………………………………………………...

(ii) What is the function of X? ………………………………………………………….
(b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.

Table 2

(i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ..………………………………….
(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye
positions while measuring the volume of the water.

(a) (i) Which of the eye positions is
correct while
taking the reading of the volume of
water?

…….
……………………………………

Figure 3

(b) The water in the measuring cylinder is
replaced with 30 cm3 of mercury.
(i) In Figure 4, draw the meniscus of the
mercury in the measuring cylinder. Figure 4
(ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i).

………………………………………………………………………………………

SPM - Format Paper 2A

1.

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Figure 1(a) /Rajah 1a Figure 1(b) / Rajah 1b

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1. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show two instruments used by the students in the
laboratory.
Rajah 1(a) dan 1(b) menunjukkan alat -alat yang digunakan di dalam makmal
oleh pelajar-pelajar.

a) (i) Name the instrument in figure 1(a).
Namakan alat dalam rajah (1a).

………………………………………………………………..……………..(1 mark )

(ii) For the instrument in figure 1(b),what is the function of ratchet ?
Bagi alat dalam rajah 1(b), apakah fungsi ratchet?

……………………………………………………………………………....( 1 mark )

(b) Between the instruments in figures 1(a) and 1(b) ,
Antara alat dalam rajah 1(a) dan 1(b) ,

i) Which instrument is more sensitive?
Alat manakah yang lebih peka?

…………………………………………………………………………….(1 mark )

ii) State one reason for your answer in 1 (b ) (i)
Nyatakan satu sebab untuk jawapan dalam 1 (b) (i)

……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………..…...............
( 1 mark )

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2.
Diagram 1.1 shows the vernier callipers.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan sebuah angkup vernier.
Beaker Main Scale
Bikar Skala utama

DIAGRAM 1.1

(a) Name the physical quantity measured by the vernier callipers.
Namakan kuantiti fizik yang diukur oleh angkup vernier.

…………………………………………………………………………………...
[1mark]
(b) Name the part labelled X.
Namakan bahagian berlabel X.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1mark]
(c) State the function of the X.
Nyatakan fungsi X.

................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(d) What is the accuracy for the vernier callipers.
Berapakah kepekaan bagi angkup vernier .

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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3.
Diagram 1 shows the instrument which is used to measure the outer diameter of a
cylinder, S.

X

(a) Name the instrument in Diagram 1

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) What is the function of X?

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) (i) What is the sensitivity of this instrument?

………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) What is the diameter of the object above?

………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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4.
Diagram 1.1 shows an electric circuit.

(a) (i) Name the measuring instrument B.

………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) What is the function of the measuring instrument A in the circuit?

………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows an electrical meter.

(i) The instrument has zero error. What is zero error?

………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) What is the accuracy of the instrument?

………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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5

Diagram 1.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu termometer cecair-dalam–kaca.

DIAGRAM 1.1

(a) (i) Name the liquid P used in the thermometer.
Namakan cecair P yang digunakan dalam termometer .

.................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(ii) State the physical change in the liquid when the temperature increases.
Nyatakan perubahan sifat fizikal pada cecair bila suhu bertambah.

.................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows two types of thermometers.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan dua jenis termometer.

DIAGRAM 1.2

(i) Which thermometer is more sensitive ?
Termometer yang manakah yang lebih peka ?

.......................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(ii) State one reason for your answer in 1 (b) (i).
Nyatakan satu sebab bagi jawapan di 1 (b) (i).

........................................................................................................................

[ 1 mark]

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6.
Diagram 1 shows the circuit that a student uses to find the resistance of a combination of three
identical lamps.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah litar elektrik yang digunakan oleh seorang pelajar untuk menentukan
rintangan bagi gabungan tiga mentol yang serupa

(a) Name the measuring instrument Q,
Namakan alat pengukur Q.
........................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(b) What is the type of the circuit?
Apakah jenis litar elektrik tersebut?
........................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(c) Compare the brightness of the lamps J, K and L. Tick () one below.
Bandingkan kecerahan mentol J, K dan L. Masukkan satu () pada kotak yang berkenaan.
The brightness of lamp J > lamp K > lamp L
Kecerahan mentol J > mentol K > mentol L

The brightness of lamp L > lamp K > lamp J
Kecerahan mentol L > mentol K > mentol J

The brightness of lamp J = lamp K = lamp L
Kecerahan mentol J = mentol K = mentol L
[1 mark]
(d) State the energy transformation that take place in the lamps.
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga yang berlaku di dalam lampu-lampu itu
........................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]

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7.
Diagram 1.1 shows the distance-time graph for the motion of a runner who is running along a
straight line.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan graf jarak-masa bagi gerakan seorang pelari yang berlari dalam satu
garis lurus.

ss / m
/m

25
20
B C
15

10

5
A
t/s
0 5 10
t/s
DIAGRAM XX
DIAGRAM 1.1 / RAJAH 1.1

(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, what is the distance travelled by the runner after 10 s?
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, berapakah jarak yang dilalui oleh pelari itu selepas 10 s?

…...………..……………………………………………..……………………………..
[1 mark]
(b) What physical quantity is given by the gradient of the graph in Diagram 1.1?
Apakah kuantiti fizik yang diberikan oleh kecerunan graf pada Rajah 1.1?

…...………..……………………………………………..……………………………..
[1 mark]
(c) Describe the motion of the runner,
Huraikan gerakan pelari itu,

(i) from A to B / dari A ke B,

……...……………………………………..……………………………………..
[1 mark]
(ii) from B to C / dari B ke C.

……...……………………………………..……………………………………..
[1 mark]

8.
A radioactive source emits two rays P and Q is placed in front of an electric field and the
radioactive path is shown in Diagram 1.
Suatu sumber bahan radioaktif memancarkan sinar P dan Q diletakkan di dalam
suatu medan elektrik dan lintasan radioaktif ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.

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(a) Name the material of container X.
Namakan bahan bagi bekas X.

……...……………………………………..……………………………………..
[1 mark]
(b)(i) Complete this sentence by underlining one correct phrase in the box.
Lengkapkan pernyataan berikut dengan menggariskan satu frasa dalam kotak
berikut.

……...……………………………………..……………………………………..
[1 mark]

(ii) Give the reason for your answer in (a) (i).
Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda di (a)(i)

……...……………………………………..……………………………………..
[1 mark]
(c) Why the size of deflection of ray P is greater than ray Q?
Mengapakah saiz pesongan sinar P lebih besar daripada sinar Q?
..
……………………………………..……………………………………..
[1 mark]

9.
Figure 1 shows a vernier calipers used to measure the external diameter of a hollow PVC pipe.

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Figure 1
(a) (i) Name the part labelled Y

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) What is the function of Y ?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ 1 mark ]
The external diameter of the PVC pipe is measured at four different places, the readings are
recorded in the Table 1.

External diameter (cm) Relative deviation ( % )

4.25 4.26 4.25 4.28 0.94

(b) Why is the external diameter measured four times ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ 1 mark ]
(c) What is the purpose of calculating relative deviation ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ 1 mark ]

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10.

Diagram below shows two different ammeter.

(a) Give the use for an ammeter.
Berikan kegunaan ammeter.

………………………………………………………………………………….
(1 mark)
(b) Which ammeter is more sensitive?
Ammeter manakah lebih sensitif?

……………………………………………………………………………….
(1 mark)
(c) State the reason for your answer in (b).
Nyatakan sebab bagi jawapan anda dalam (b)

……………………………………………………………………………….

.....…………………………………………………………………………….

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11.
Diagram 1.1 shows light passing through a convex lens.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan cahaya melalui satu kanta cembung.
Convex Lens / Kanta Cembung

Diagram 1.1/ Rajah 1.1

(a) Label the principal focus on Diagram 1.1.
Labelkan fokus utama pada Rajah 1.1.
[1 mark]

(b) Measure the focal length from the Diagram 1.1.
Ukurkan panjang fokus dari Rajah 1.1.

f = ……………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(c) State a characteristic of the image formed in Diagram 1.1.
Nyatakan satu ciri imej yang dihasilkan dalam Rajah 1.1.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

[1 mark]

(d) State a optical instrument in which the convex lens is used to form a real image.
Nyatakan satu alat optik yang mana kanta cembung digunakan untuk menghasilkan satu
imej nyata.

…………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

29

_________________________________________________________________________________________
12.

1. Diagram 1 shows a micrometer screw gauge used to measure the diameter of a wire.

Diagram 1

(a) (i) Name the part labelled P.

…………………………………………………………………………………...
[1mark]
(ii) State the function of P.

…………………………………………………………………………………...
[1mark]

(b) The diameters of the wire at three different places are shown in table 1.

Diameter, d (mm)
1 2 3
3.120 3.20 3.2

Table 1

(i) Which of the reading is written correctly when using micrometer screw
gauge?

…………………………………………………………………………………
[1mark]

(ii) Why is the diameter measured three times?

…………………………………………………………………………………
[1mark]

30

Chapter 1 introduction (student)

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