This document provides information on cellulose acetate, including its history, production method, properties, uses, and characteristics. Some key points include: - Cellulose acetate is produced through the reaction of cellulose with acetic acid and acetic anhydride. It can be dissolved and spun into fibers. - It is thermoplastic and soluble in many organic solvents. Fibers are soft, smooth, and resist static cling. - Other cellulose esters include cellulose acetate propionate and butyrate. Mixed esters have varying hydrophobicity. - Viscoelastic behavior is influenced by degree of substitution and solvent system. It can undergo sol-gel transitions.

1. ‫ﺧﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺳﻣﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﮐﺗﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺎﺩ‬
Rouzbeh Asadi Khansari
‫ﺧﻭﺍﻧﺳﺎﺭی‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺩی‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﺑﻪ‬

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• ‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬1963
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• ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻭﺩﺭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺐ‬
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• ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬
• ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ XRD

7. Properties of natural & synthetic fibers

10. Cellulose
Reaction of the OH group: esters, ethers, etc.
DS=degree of substitution is important: DS=0-3/glucose
The DS is dependent on the availability of OH groups so it is a function of
the H-bonding in cellulose!

11. Reaction of Cellulose Acetate
Esters commercially made by Eastman.
Mostly short fibers for non-wovens like cigarette butts!
Relies on acetylated OH groups
-C
C
O-
=
O
cellulose + acetic acid + acetic anhydride + H2SO4
partial
hydrolysis
dissolve in acetone and spin fiber
Cellulose will react under anhydrous conditions in the presence of acid catalyst
and acetic anhydride to form cellulose tri-acetate. Cellulose acetate is the partially
acetylated product of high purity cellulose and acetic anhydride. It is obtained by
acid catalyzed hydrolysis of the tri-acetate to a DSav~2.4
(cellulose tri-acetate would be DS~3.0)
ester linkages!

12. Cellulose Acetate
CH3 C
O
OCOCH3
CH3 C
OH
OCOCH3
CH3 C
O
OCOCH3
+H + Cell
CH3 C
OH
OCOCH3
CH3 C
O
O
HO Cell
Cell

14. DS of Cellulose Acetate
H2SO4
C-OH + (CH3CO)2O
OH group on
cellulose
acetic anhydride
C-OOCCH3 + CH3COOH
cellulose tri-
acetate=ester
acetic acid (H from
cellulose OH)
acetic anhydride is split in 1/2
hydrolysis
C-OOCCH3
cellulose tri-
acetate=ester
+ 0.2H2O
C-(OOCCH3)0.8
cellulose acetate=ester
(OH)0.2
+ 0.2CH3COOH
acetic acid
DS=3(0.8)=2.4/glucose can be v. high!
This material is soluble in acetone and other organic solvents
Properties, like biodegradability, are f(DS): remember, the biggest
impediment to this rxn is the availability of OH’s from H-bonding
this is fully acetylated cellulose
(sulfuric acid)

16. Degree of polymerization

17. History of Cellulose acetate
(zyl, zylonite,Cellon and Rhodoid)
• Paul Schützenberger discovered cellulose acetate in 1865
• George Miles more solvents in 1904
• Camille and Henri Dreyfus in 1910
• DOPE
• In1914,The British Cellulose and Chemical Manufacturing Co - 1918 to
British Celanese Ltd
• In 1918 The American Cellulose & Chemical Manufacturing Company in
New York by the Dreyfus brothers In 1927- the Celanese Corporation of
America
• Mazzucchelli ,Celluloid Acetate sheets and Cellulose Nitrate
• Cellulose acetate film was introduced in 1934
• IBM in 1952 for use on their IBM 726 tape drive in the IBM 701 computer

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Fiber properties
• Hand: soft, smooth, dry, crisp, resilient
• Comfort: breathes, wicks, dries quickly, no static cling
• Drape: linings move with the body linings conform to the garment
• Color: deep brilliant shades with atmospheric dyeing meet colorfastness
requirements
• Luster: light reflection creates a signature appearance
• Performance: colorfast to perspiration staining, colorfast to dry cleaning, air and
vapor permeable
• Tenacity: weak fiber with breaking tenacity of 1.2 to 1.4 g/d; rapidly loses strength
when wet; must be dry cleaned
• Abrasion: poor resistance
• Heat retention: poor thermal retention; no allergenic potential (hypoallergenic)
• Dyeability: (two methods) cross-dying method where yarns of one fiber and those
of another fiber are woven into a fabric in a desired pattern; solution-dying
method provides excellent color fastness under the effects of sunlight,
perspiration, air contaminants and washing

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Production method
• Purified cellulose from wood pulp or cotton linters.
• Mixed with glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, and a catalyst
• Aged 20 hours- partial hydrolysis occurs
• Precipitated as acid-resin flakes
• Flakes dissolved in acetone
• Solution is filtered
• Spinning solution extruded in column of warm air. Solvent
recovered
• Filaments are stretched and wound onto beams, cones, or
bobbins ready for use

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Acetate fiber characteristics
• cellulosic and thermoplastic
• selective absorption and removal of low levels of certain organic chemicals
• easily bonded with plasticizers, heat, and pressure
• acetate is soluble in many common solvents (especially acetone and other organic solvents)
and can be modified to be soluble in alternative solvents, including water
• hydrophilic: acetate wets easily, with good liquid transport and excellent absorption; in textile
applications, it provides comfort and absorbency, but also loses strength when wet
• acetate fibers are hypoallergenic
• high surface area
• made from a renewable resource: wood pulp
• can be composted or incinerated
• can be dyed, however special dyes and pigments are required since acetate does not accept
dyes ordinarily used for cotton and rayon (this also allows cross-dyeing)
• resistant to mold and mildew
• easily weakened by strong alkaline solutions and strong oxidizing agents.
• can usually be washed or dry cleaned; generally does not shrink

21. Viscoelastic Behavior of Cellulose
Acetate
• Cellulose acetate (CA)/N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA)/water
• phase-separated gel formation
• beta (1-4)-linked anhydroglucopyranose units(AGU)
• substituted at the C-2, 3-, and 6-positions of the AGU
• DS 0.5-1 soluble in aqueous solutions
• (DMA) dissolves CA of DS ranging from 0.49 to 2.92
• Solvent evaporation, changes in temperature, or the addition of a
nonsolvent
• sol-gel transition
• Hansen hydrogen-bonding solubility parameter index
• Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM)

23. Mixed cellulose esters (MCE)
Cellulose acetate-propionate (CAP)
Cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB)
thermoplastic applications
Cellulose acetate-phtalates coating applications
mixed acetic-aliphatic cellulose esters high hydrophobicity
butyric or hexanoic anhydrides or maleic anhydride

24. Water contact angles

25. Water contact angles

26. Water vapor sorption

31. ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﺑﻊ‬
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_acetate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose
http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/ChemicalStructures/CelluloseAcetate.htm
http://www.qrbiz.com/buy_cellulose-acetate-pellets
http://chemical.ihs.com/nl/Public/2009/0908/0908.html
http://renewablemat.bse.vt.edu/teaching/BSE%204514/Lecture%203%20
http://staffweb.itsligo.ie/staff/mabroaders/webbased/Envsci/ES4/WM%
http://www.ri.cmu.edu/pub_files/pub4/lopez_george_2004_1/lopez_george_2004_1.pdf
http://www.che.ncsu.edu/khangroup/Papers/Appaw_Biomacromolecules_2007.pdf
Callum A.S. Hill, Wood Modification: Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes
Collins Appaw,Richard D. Gilbert,Saad A. Khan, Viscoelastic Behavior of Cellulose Acetate
in a Mixed Solvent system
Jérôme Peydecastaing, Chemical modification of wood by mixed anhydrides
Minna Blomstedt,MODIFICATION OF CELLULOSIC FIBERS BY CARBOXYMETHYL
CELLULOSE
Monica Ek,Göran Gellerstedt,Gunnar Henriksson,Pulp and Paper Chemistry & Technology
Paul Gatenholm,Hemicelluloses:Science and Technology
Peter Zugenmaier, Crystalline Cellulose and Derivatives, 2008 Springer