Lezione tenuta il 15 giugno 2012 al Master di II livello in "Management dei sistemi informativi per l'area del Mediterraneo - SI4MED", MEDAlics (Pizzo Calabro)
Judging the Relevance and worth of ideas part 2.pptx
ICT4D, Digital technologies for development
1. ICT4D: TECNOLOGIE DIGITALI PER LO
1
SVILUPPO
Roberto Masiero 1 Roberto Polillo 1, 2
1
Think! The innovation Knowledge Foundation
2
Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Comunicazione,
Università di Milano Bicocca
Master Universitario di II livello in "Management dei sistemi
informativi per l'area del Mediterraneo – MaSI4MED"
15 giugno 2012
2. The discipline: ICT4D
2
Information and Communication Technologies for
Development
“The application of ICT within the field of socio-
economic development, international development
and human rights” (Wikipedia)
Interdisciplinariety, different approaches,
philosophies, goals, ...
We bring with ourselves our story, …
3. Agenda
3
1. What is development – and how to measure it
2. ICT penetration and digital divide
3. Evolution of the Internet as a global resource
4. Internet for development: a quantic gap
5. Approaches to ICT4D
6. ICT4D: some good practices
7. Think! research methodology: the diamon of
digital innovation
4. 1. What is development
4
– and how to measure it
5. What does it mean "development"?
5
Development means different things to different
people
At its core, it involves concepts of "progress" and
"growth"
Development is a multi-dimensional entity, involving
empowerment, participation, ….
It cannot be simply equated to the growth of GNP
or personal purchasing power…
7. GDP per capita, 2010
7
Blue: above world GDP per capita (USD 10,700, purchasing power parity)
Orange: below world GDP per capita
Source: IMF International Monetary Fund, from Wikipedia
8. Country classification by yearly GNI per capita
(World Bank, 2008)
35.500
48.000
GNI per capita (US$)
> 11.906
≤ 11.905
(In 2010, tresholds increased by 3%) ≤ 3.855
≤ 975 8
9. Least Developed Countries
9
LDC defined by UN, based on 3 criteria:
Low income
Human resources weakness
Economic vulnerability
In 2010:
•49 countries
•833 ml people
LDC in 2007, from Wikipedia
10. Almost half the world live on less
than $2.50 a day
http://www.globalissues.org
11. HDI: Human Development Index
11
Developed by UNDP (United Nations Development
Programme, www.undp.org ), from 1992
Covering almost 200 countries
Three basic dimensions :
HEALTH: Life expectancy at birth
EDUCATION: Education Index
(various indices, changed in 2011)
INCOME: Per-capita GNI Index
12. HDI divide in 2011
12
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index
13. Other indicators
Life expectancy
13
Poverty rates
Unenployment rates
Disposable income
Education levels
…
Satisfaction with life
Health conditions
Standard of living
Family life
Jobs
….
Natural resources
Pollution & waste
Human health
www.beyond-gdp.eu …
15. What a decade!
15
The first decade of the new millennium saw
extraordinary progress in ICT – globally:
Global mobile cellular penetration
Global internet penetration
Enormous technological improvements in ICT
The Internet as a pervasive resource
The lag between developed and developing
world can be considered to be less that 10 years
– on average
16. A fundamental source, highly recommended:
www.itu.org
16
(can be downloaded from the net at no cost)
17. The global picture
17
Mobile
With 5.9 billion mobile-cellular subscriptions, global
penetration reaches 87%, and 79% in the developing world
In LDCs two thirds of people have cellular coverage and
mobile cellular penetration has reached 34% - up from 5%
five years earlier
Internet
One third of the world population is online
45% of Internet users are below the age of 25
25% of internet users are in China
Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011
18. The global growth, 2000-2010
18
2011 est:
86.7%
12%
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
20. Mobile cellular subscription divide, 2000-2010
20
6 yrs lag
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
21. Mobile cellular penetration by 2011*
21
Much higher
that the USA
penetration
in 2004
(43%)
CIS:
Commonwealth
of Independent
States
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/
22. Rural population covered by a mobile signal,
2002-2008
22
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010
25. Internet Users divide, 2000-2010
25
This is higher than
global fixed (16%)
and mobile (12%)
telephone
penetration in 2000
Lag about 11 years
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
26. Internet users growth
26
• In developing countries, 30% of those under 25 use the Internet
Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011
29. Broadband: what is it?
29
"Broadband" is a technology neutral term, often
used as a marketing buzzword, with different
meanings
ITU defines broadband internet access as a [fixed or
wireless] public access to the internet at a
downstream speed equal or greater than 256 Kbps
(March 2010)
Broadband is supported by different technologies
with different speed
30. Broadband requirements: examples
30
YouTube:
min 500 Kbps; optimal: 1 Mbps or higher
Skype:
voice call: 100 Kbps recommended
video call: 128-500 Kbps
group video call (3 people): 512 Kbps – 2 Mbps download
Streaming movies:
2,5 Mbps suggested
10 Mbps suggested for HD
31. Broadband on Europe Digital Agenda
31
By 2013:
bring basic broadband to all Europeans
By 2020:
ensure that all Europeans have access to internet speed of
above 30 Mbps and
50% or more European households subscribe to Internet
connections above 100 Mbps
32. Broadband divide
32
Fixed broadband subscribers Mobile broadband subscribers
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
33. Cost: IPB (ICT Price Basket)
33
Developed by ITU to compare the price of TLC in
different countries
Based on a mix of use using fixed telephone,
mobile cellulare and fixed broadband
Measured in % to the average monthly income
2010:
Ranges from 0,2% (Monaco) to 71,6% (Niger)
Italy: 0,9% (28th); USA: 0,6% (12th)
34. IPB index
34
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
35. Price divide by IPB values (2010)
35
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
36. Price divide by IPB values (2010)
36
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
38. IDI (ICT Development Index)
38
Developed by ITU to measure the level and
evolution over time of ICT in different countries, and
to measure the digital divide
Based on a 3 stage model of ICT development
Computed for 159 countries, 2002, 2007 & 2008
39. The 3 stages model of IDI
39
1 2 3
Access Use Skills 11
IDI sub-index sub-index sub-index indicators
40. IDI components
40
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2009
41. Digital divide by IDI values (2010)
41
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
44. Evolution of the Internet
44
1985 1995+ 2005+
+
COMMUNICATION HYPERTEXT, SOCIAL MEDIA
NETWORK Company web
eCOMMERCE sites
E-mail Web portals logs
File transfer Search engines
Newsgroups E-commerce ocial networks
…. Web as an interface
…. GC
ooperative creation
45. Time person of the year
45
Christmas Christmas Christmas
2006 2010 2011
47. Internet for development
47
E-health E-education E-communication E-commerce
E-government E-inclusion E-entertainment
Broadband
Internet access
48. Broadband as an enabler
48
Telehealth & telemedicine: broadband can facilitate provision of medical care to
unserved and underserved population through remote diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and
consultation with specialists (telehealth & telemedicine)
Education, culture & entertainment: broadband can overcome geographical and
financial barriers to provide access to a wide range of educational, cultural and recreational
opportunities and resources
Economic development / E-commerce: broadband can promote economic development
and revitalization through electronic commerce by creating new jobs and attracting new
industries; providing access to regional, national, and worldwide markets
E-government: e-government can help streamline people's interaction with government
agencies, and provide information about government policies, procedures, benefits and
programs
Public safety and homeland security: broadband can help protect the public by
facilitating and promoting public safety information and procedures
Broadband communication services: broadband provides access to new
telecommunications technologies such as VOIP
People with disabilities: … www.broadband.gov
49. Example: E-health
49
Electronic health records: enabling the communication of patient data between different
healthcare professionals
Telemedicine: physical and psychological treatments at a distance
Consumer health information: use of online resources on medical topics by healthy
individuals or patients
Health knowledge management: best practice guidelines, online resources for the
healthcare professionals, epidemiological tracking
Virtual healthcare teams: healthcare professionals collaborating and sharing
information on patients through online communication tools
M-health: using mobile devices in collecting patient health data, providing healthcare
information, real-time monitoring of patient vitals, and direct provision of care
Healthcare online information systems: for hospital and healthcare professionals:
appointment scheduling, patient data management, work schedule management and other
administrative tasks surrounding health
50. ICT4D: two basic approaches
50
- ICT for productivity
"TOP DOWN" - From the experience and models of
developed countries
- Emphasis on [large] organizations
- ICT for human development
- From the needs of local
communities and individuals
"BOTTOM UP" - New models of services,
collaboration and interaction based
on local needs and experiences
53. Never, in the story of technology, we had at our
disposal a set of powerful tools like those
resulting from the evolution of the internet in
the last few years…
These tools can change completely the
approach of ICT4D, and its results…
Three big revolutions…
53
54. 1. Communications
54
Cellular telephony
SMS
Mail
Forum
Chat
Blog
Social networks
Microblogging
IP telephony
Web radio
Tele-conference
55. 1. Communications
55
Cellular telephony 2011 est:
SMS 86.7%
Mail
Forum
Chat
Blog
Social networks
Microblogging
IP telephony
Teleconference
Web radio/TV
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
56. 1. Communications
56
Cellular telephony 2003: Skype, Linkedin, MySpace,
SMS 2004: Facebook, Flickr, Orkut
Mail 2005: Youtube, Ning, Zoho
Forum 2006: Twitter , Google Docs
2007:
Chat 2008: Livestream
Blog 2009: Foursquare
Social networks 2010:
2011: Google+
Microblogging
IP telephony
Web radio
Tele-conference
57. 2. Cloud computing
57
Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)
Large reduction of entry barrier to the
implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware &
software infrastructure needed
Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs
58. 2. Software as a service
58
Application
Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)
Large reduction of entry barrier to the
implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware &
software infrastructure needed
Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs
63. 3. I Applications building blocks
3. building block per le applicazioni
63
“Ecosystems”
of open-source software components,
developed and maintained by large communities
Online services easily integrable to provide higher
level services (embedding & mashup technologies)
64. The pace of change
64
ICT is changing fast…
My grandaddy (born 1883) typewriter: I learned typing on it …and now I use this
65. The pace of change…
65
• Piattaforme open source
o
oh
• Servizi di hosting
Z
• Servizi online per costruzione e hosting
cs
Do
• Servizi di pagamento online
gle
• Social network sites
oo
ps
eG
• Photo, video, slides and document sharing sites
Ap
ub
•Telefonia IP
le
uT
og
Yo
• Microblogging
Go
ng
• Online application suites
Ni
e
er
yp
itt
• Online intranet Sk
m
eTw
r
d p ck
. co
n
dI
• Geolocalizzazione Fli
ar
ss
ke
al
sh
re
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in
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Pa
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ua
Sli
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Fa
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al
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rv
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a
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om
ee
or
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iki
Fo
W
Dr
W
Al
W
Jo
66. The pace of change
66
People is changing slowly…
…but the world is getting younger and younger
…and the new generations have grown (and will
grow) with technology
We must target the new generations as
the driving force for change
67. Internet is a lot more…
67
The “new” ICT (Internet) is different, and can
give a lot of value…
…for a low cost
The main enabler will be broadband [mobile]
access to the Internet
… because it gives access to lots of things
(definitely, not only information!)
68. An agenda for change
68
Invest in broadband [mobile] access
The software is there, and is (almost) free
Develop skills to identify, mix and integrate existing
software and services
Take advantage of utility computing to avoid building
local infrastructures
Concentrate on applications requirements,
prototyping and experimentation
Share results over the net
69. In three words…
69
1. Connect, 2. Learn and 3. Understand
connect, experience the local needs
connect new paradigms
72. From IT Investment to Higher GDP
72
HIGHER INCREASED TAX
GDP REVENUES
LOWER HIGHER
PRICES WAGES
ECONOM IC
COMPETITIVENESS
INNOVATIVE
LESS SEVERE FASTER PRODUCTS
ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY LOWER
MORE JOBS AND
DOWNTURNS GROWTH INFLATION
SERVICES
ACCESSIBLE HIGHER BETTER LARGER AND
FLEXIBLE NEW
AND FLEXIBLE INCREASED QUALITY DECISIONS MORE
SUPPLY RESEARCH
WORK EFFICIENCY GOODS AND M AKING EFFICIENT
CHAINS TOOLS
OPPORTUNITIES SERVICES TOOLS MARKETS
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(hardware, software, applications
and telecommunications)
Source: ITIF
73. Positioning mature & emerging Countries in terms
of innovation-based global competitiveness
73
Overall Score
ITIF : T h e Atlantic C e ntu ry
S ou rce :
74. Positioning mature & emerging Countries in terms
of innovation-based global competitiveness
74
Change Score
1999-2009
ITIF : T h e Atlantic C e ntu ry
S ou rce :
75. IT drives productivity growth
75
IT investment as a share
Annual labor productivity growth of total capital investment
S ou rce : IT IF : D igital Pros p e rity
76. Sources of total factor productivity growth
76
S ou rce : ITIF : D igital Pros p e rity
77. The growth of productivity & the internet
77
S ou rce : ITIF : D igital Pros p e rity
78. Beyond the productivity concept:
ICT for Human Development
78
3 gu id e line s for an e xte nd e d conce p t of “ H u m an
d e ve lop m e nt” :
2.D e ve lop m e nt as e m p owe rm e nt, not a s h e e r e conom ic
growth
3.Ap p roach ing IC T4D in a conte xt-b as e d way, nor th rou gh
d e te rm inis tic s tance s
4.P re d om inance of p olitical analys is ove r p e rform ance
e valu ation
S ou rce : S ilvia M as ie ro, D igital Te ch nologie s and H u m an D e ve lop m e nt, Th ink! P ap e r, O ct 201 0
79. From IT Investment to Human Development
79
HIGHER
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HDI
POVERTY HIGHER BETTER QUALITY
HPI-2 PER-CAPITA GDP OF LIFE
REDUCTION
HIGHER NEW SECTORAL
BETTER REDUCTION ACCESS TO
MORE EFFICIENCY TOOLS REDUCTION IN
PUBLIC IN GLOBAL
MORE JOBS EFFICIENT OF INTERNAL (E-HEALTH, INFORMATION
SERVICE HUM AN MARKETS FOR
SUPPLY CHAINS RETAIL E-SCHOOL, ASYMMETRIES
DELIVERY ISOLATION LOCAL SMEs
SYSTEM S E-INCLUSION)
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
S ou rce : S ilvia M as ie ro, D igital Te ch nologie s and H u m an D e ve lop m e nt, Th ink! P ap e r, O ct 201 0
81. Idee da alcune esperienze internazionali:
Hole-In-the-Wall Education, India, Bhutan, Cambogia, Africa
81
Hole-In-the-Wall Education
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap
83. Sambaina Villaggio ICT, Madagascar
83
Sambaina Villaggio ICT
Connessione
satellitare
attraverso la
piataforma
satellitare
Infopoverty
Centro d’azione remoto a Centro di supporto
Mahobong al DiPSA – Milano
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap
84. Idee da alcune esperienze internazionali:
Akshaya e-Centres, Kerala, India
84
Akshaya e-Centres
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap
86. E-Toilet: improving sanitation facilities in
developing countries
86
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYsygg1ZJAg&feature=player_embedded#
!
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap
89. 89
Roberto Masiero
rm as ie ro@ th inkinnovation.org
Roberto Polillo
rob e rto.p olillo@ u nim ib .it
www.rp olillo.it
The Innovation Knowledge Foundation
Via P ale rm o 5
201 21 M ilan o
www.th inkinnovation.org
Join our Innovator Community: http://theinnovationknowledgefoundation.ning.com//
Notes de l'éditeur
Title of Presentation Client Copyright 2007 IDC. Reproduction is forbidden unless authorized. All rights reserved. Needs to be redesigned so that it shows within the template frame. Bulleted text and title should be easy for anyone to change (i.e, not part of the graphic)
Title of Presentation Client Copyright 2007 IDC. Reproduction is forbidden unless authorized. All rights reserved. Needs to be redesigned so that it shows within the template frame. Bulleted text and title should be easy for anyone to change (i.e, not part of the graphic)
Title of Presentation Client Copyright 2007 IDC. Reproduction is forbidden unless authorized. All rights reserved. Needs to be redesigned so that it shows within the template frame. Bulleted text and title should be easy for anyone to change (i.e, not part of the graphic)
Title of Presentation Client Copyright 2007 IDC. Reproduction is forbidden unless authorized. All rights reserved. Needs to be redesigned so that it shows within the template frame. Bulleted text and title should be easy for anyone to change (i.e, not part of the graphic)