Theoretical & conceptual framework

Theoretical
&
Conceptual Frame-work
-Theoretical Frame-work
-Conceptual Frame-work

Theory
Theories are constructed in order to explain, predict
and master phenomena (e.g.
relationships, events, or the behavior). In many
instances we are constructing models of reality.
A theory makes generalizations about
observations and consists of an
interrelated, coherent set of ideas and
models.

A theoretical framework is analogous to
the frame of the house.
Just as the foundation supports a house,
a theoretical framework provides a
rationale for predictions about the
relationships among variables of a
research study
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

Theoretical Framework
What is the central concept(s)
integral to the study?
Connecting the study to theory:
basic research

5
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Theoretical Framework
 Identify the variables investigated in the
study.
 Illustrate how the variables interact with
each other as hypothesised in the
research by the aid of diagram/s (if
possible).

Theory
 Provides patterns for the interpretation of data
 Links one study to another
 Supplies frameworks within which concepts and
variables acquire special significance
 Allows us to interpret the larger meaning of our
findings for ourselves and others

The Conceptual Framework …
provides direction for
 programs
 courses
 teaching
 candidate performance
 scholarship
 service
 unit accountability

Fishbone Diagram
To find out problem of study:
Problem
Statement
Policies
Materials People
Process Technology

The Conceptual Framework …
is
 knowledge-based
 articulated
 shared
 coherent
 consistent with the unit and/or institutional
mission
 continuously evaluated

What is a conceptual framework?
 A written or visual presentation that:
– “explains either graphically, or in narrative form,
the main things to be studied – the key factors,
concepts or variables -
– and the presumed relationship among them”.

What specific forms might a
conceptual framework take?
 The possibilities include:
– Flow charts.
– Tree diagrams.
– Shape based diagrams – triangles, concentric
circles, overlapping circles.
– Mind maps.
– Software systems.

A ‘flow chart’ of innovation decision making
PRIOR CONDITIONS
1. Previous practice
2. Felt needs/problems
3. Innovativeness
4. Norms of the social
system
COMMUNICATION
CHANNELS
1. KNOWLEDGE 2.
PERSUASION
4. IMPLEMENTATION3. DECISION
1. Adoption
2. Rejection
Confirmed Adoption
Later Adoption
Discontinuance
Continued Rejection
Perceived characteristics
of innovation
1. Relative advantage
2. Compatibility
3. Complexity
4. Trialability
5. Observability
Observations of the
decision making unit
1. Socio-economic
characteristics
2. Personality
variables
3. Communication
behaviour
5. CONFIRMATION
Rogers 2003

A ‘tree chart’ of changing consumer behaviour
C u s to m e rs
C h a n g i n g
c u s to m e rs
E x p e rie n c e V a lu e s L i fe s ty le s D e m o g ra p h ic s
P ro d u c t
e x p e c ta ti o n s
Q u a l ity P ric e P u rc h a s in g In fo rm a tio n
P h y s ic a l S e rv ic e
E a s e F le x i b ility
R a n g e
In d i v id u a lity
H e a lth
A g e
c o m p o s iti o n
S e c u rity
L o s s o f
lo y a lty
V a lu e Im a g e
P rio ritie s
E x p e c ta tio n s
K n o w le d g e A c c e s s
C u rre n c y
V a rie ty

A ‘triangle’ of needs
Self-actualization
Esteem
Affiliation
Security
Physiological
Maslow 1954

A mind map of cruise travel and impacts
T r a v e l
T yp e s o f
t o u r is t s /
t r a v e lle r s
T yp e s o f
t o u r is m
Ar e c r u is e r s
t o u r is t s o r n o t ?
S O C IAL C O N T IN G E N C Y
T H E O R Y
W h o g e t s t o g o ?
H e g e m o n y c la s s
In d iv id u a l n o t p a r t o f m a s s
P O S T S T R U C T U R AL IS M
F o u c a u lt - f r e e d o m a n d c o n t r o l
K n o w le d g e - p o w e r s
P O S T M O D E R N IS M
B a u d s ila r d - H yp e s r e a lit y
G o f f m a n - f r o n t s t a g e /
B a c k s t a g e a u t h e n t ic it y
Culture/
places
People
Environment
C r u is e r im p a c t s
Ad v a n t a g e s D is a d v a n t a g e s
W h y n o t
m a s s t o u r is m
W h a t t yp e o f im p a c t
a n d
w h a t t yp e o f t o u r is t ?
Jennings 2001

The Use of a Theoretical Framework as a
Guide in a Research Study
The theoretical framework plays an important role in
guiding the entire process of the research study
 Theories are constructed in order to explain, predict
and master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, or
the behavior). In many instances we are constructing
models of reality.
 A theory makes generalizations about observations and
consists of an interrelated, coherent set of ideas and
models.

The Use of a Theoretical Framework as a
Guide in a Research Study
If the framework is logically sound and
substantiated by previous research studies, there is
a strong possibility that the predictions or
hypotheses evolving from that framework will be
supported
In some cases, a theoretical rationale in
inappropriately used. e.g. a theory is designed to
explain a particular behavior in infants may not be
appropriate for the study of those behaviors in
adults

Formulating the Theoretical Framework
Purpose:
• It helps the researcher see clearly the
variables of the study;
• It can provide him with a general
framework for data analysis;
• It is essential in preparing a research
proposal using descriptive and
experimental methods.

conceptual framework
 A conceptual framework is used in
research to outline possible courses of
action or to present a preferred
approach to an idea or thought.

How to Develop a Theoretical Framework or
conceptual framework
1. Select concepts
a concept is an image or symbolic
representation of an abstract idea. e.g.
health, pain, intelligence …
2. Identify the interrelationships among
concepts

How to Develop a Theoretical Framework…
3.Formulating definitions:
concepts must be clearly defined
A. Conceptual definition: conveys the general meaning of
the concept
B. Operational definition: adds another dimension to the
conceptual definition by delineating the procedures or
operations required to measure the concept
Some concepts are easily defined in operational terms, e.g.
pulse, other concepts are more difficult to define
operationally, e.g. coping

4. Formulating the theoretical rationale
 Through the literature review, an investigator
becomes aware of or confirms identified
theoretical connections between variables
 In evaluating the formulation of the theoretical
rationale, the internal structures, such as
concepts and their definitions, should have clarity
and continuity, and the approach to
understanding phenomena, whether inductive or
deductive, should be logical

Contribution of Nursing Theories or
Frameworks to Research
When developing a theoretical framework
for nursing research studies, knowledge
is acquired through:
Disciplines other than nursing and borrowed
for the purpose of answering nursing
questions
Identifying and asking questions about
phenomena that are unique to nursing

Contribution of Nursing Theories or
Frameworks to Research
Theories unique to nursing help nursing
define how it is different from other
disciplines
The central phenomena of interest to
nursing are persons, environment, health
& nursing

Examples:

Thank You

Theoretical & conceptual framework

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Theoretical & conceptual framework