1. By: Rudi Setiawan (2201407090)
Second Language Acquisition (103-
104)
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
STATE UNIVERSITY of SEMARANG

2. Errors and Error Analysis
Identifying errors
Definition errors and mistakes
Errors reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge; they occur
because learnedoesn’t know what is correct.
Mistakes reflect occasional lapses in performance; they
occur because, in a particular instance, the learner is
unable to perform what he or she knows.
 To identify errors we have to compare the sentences
learners produce with r what seem to be the normal or
correct sentences in the traffic
(Rod Ellis:2003:15)

3. Errors and Error Analysis
Describing errors
There are several ways of describing errors
1. Classify errors into grammatical categories.
2. Identify general ways in which the learners’
utterance differ from the reconstructed target-
language utterances.
(Rod Ellis:2003:18)

4. Errors and Error Analysis
Explaining errors
Errors have different sources, they are:
1. Omission errors
2. Overgeneralization errors
3. Transfer errors
(Rod Ellis:2003:18-19)

5. Errors and Error Analysis
Errror evaluation
Some errors, known as global errors, violate the overall
structure of a sentence and for this reason may make it
difficult to process.
Other errors, known as local errors, affect only a single
constituent in the sentence (for example, the verb) and
are, perhaps, less likely to create any procxessing
problems.
(Rod Ellis:2003:19-20)

6. Developmental Patterns
The early stage of L2 acquisition
Silent period; that is, they make no attempt to say anything
to begin with. They may learning language just through
listening to or reading it. The silent period may serve as a
preparation for subsequent production.
Acquisition order. In time, though, learners do begin to
learn the grammar of the L2. do learners acquire the
grammatical structures of an L2 in a definite order?
Sequence of acquisition. Do learners learn such structuress
in a single step or do they proceed through a number of
interim stages before they master the target structure?
(Rod Ellis:2003:20-21)

7. Developmental Patterns
The order of acquisition
To investigate the order of acquisition, researchers
choose number of grammatical structure to study.
Then collect samples of learner language and identify
how accurately each feature is used by different
learners. This enable them to arrive an accuracy
order.
(Rod Ellis:2003:21-22)

8. Developmental Patterns
Sequence of Acquisition
The acquisition of a particular grammatical structure
therefore, must be seen as process involving
transitional construction.
Since sequence are instructive because they reveal that
the use of a correct structural form.
Acquisition follow a U-shaped course of development;
that is, initially learners may display a high level of
accuracy only to apparently regress later before once
again performing in accordance with target language
norms.
(Rod Ellis:2003:23-24)

9. Developmental Patterns
Some Implications
The work on developmental patterns is important for
another reason. It suggests that linguistic features
(particularly grammatical ones) are inherently easier
to learn than others.
(Rod Ellis:2003:24-25)

10. Variability in Learner Language
We have seen that learner language is systematic , we
also have seen that learner language is variable. At any
given stage of development, learners sometimes
employ one form and sometimes another. Thus, one
type of error may alternate with another type:
i.e : yesterday the thief steal the suitcase
yesterday the thief stealing the suitcase
Thus, it appears that learners vary in their use of the L2
according to Linguistic Context.
(Rod Ellis:2003:25-29)