Revolução na Física de Partículas

1. REVOLUÇÃO NA FÍSICA DE PARTÍCULAS Rui Ribeiro Julho 2012

2. Sumário 1. Constituição da matéria e forças fundamentais; 2. Simetria e quebra de simetria; 3. Revoluções no horizonte.

3. 1. Constituição básica da matéria e forças fundamentais Matéria Moléculas Átomos Protão Núcleo

4. 1. Constituição básica da matéria e forças fundamentais As Quatro Forças Fundamentais gravítica electromagnética nuclear fraca nuclear forte

5. 1. Constituição básica da matéria e forças fundamentais DRAWNFROMAPALETTEOFADOZENmAVORS4HE3TANDARD-ODELTREATSTHEPARTICLESASGEOMETRICAL POINTSSIZESSHOWNHEREREmECTTHEIRMASSES 3534!.#% !4/- Modelo “Standard” 0!24)#,%3//2#% /3/.3 !TTHEQUANTUMLEVEL

6. EACHFORCEOF NATUREISTRANSMITTEDBYADEDICATED PARTICLEORSETOFPARTICLES 0(/4/. %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS #ARRIEROFELECTROMAGNETISM

7. THEQUANTUM OFLIGHTACTSONELECTRICALLYCHARGED PARTICLES)TACTSOVERUNLIMITEDDISTANCES /3/. 0!24)#,%3//2#% T /3/.3 !TTHEQUANTUMLEVEL

9. THEQUANTUM OFLIGHTACTSONELECTRICALLYCHARGED PARTICLES)TACTSOVERUNLIMITEDDISTANCES /3/. 99 n/3/.3 : : 7 γ γ G 99 n/3/.3 7 NE NM Nτ ',5/.3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS %IGHTSPECIESOFGLUONSCARRYTHESTRONG INTERACTION

10. ACTINGONQUARKSANDONOTHER GLUONS4HEYDONOTFEELELECTROMAGNETICOR WEAKINTERACTIONS ()''3 NOTYETOBSERVED 0!24)#,%3/-!44%2 15!2+3 4HESEPARTICLESMAKEUPPROTONS

11. NEUTRONSANDAVERITABLEZOOOFLESSER KNOWNPARTICLES 4HEYHAVENEVERBEENOBSERVEDINISOLATION 0!24)#,%3/-!44%2 50 15!2+3 4HESEPARTICLESMAKEUPPROTONS

12. NEUTRONSANDAVERITABLEZOOOFLESSER KNOWNPARTICLES 4HEYHAVENEVERBEENOBSERVEDINISOLATION 50 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS-E6 #ONSTITUENTOFORDINARYMATTER TWOUPQUARKS

13. PLUSADOWN

14. MAKEUPAPROTON U #(!2- C %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSINOFTHEUPCON STITUENTOFTHE*CPARTICLE

15. WHICHHELPED PHYSICISTSDEVELOPTHE3TANDARD-ODEL 4/0 T %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 (EAVIESTKNOWNPARTICLE

16. COMPARABLEINMASSTOANATOM OFOSMIUM6ERYSHORT LIVED %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS-E6 #ONSTITUENTOFORDINARYMATTER TWOUPQUARKS

17. PLUSADOWN

18. MAKEUPAPROTON $/7. %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 #ONSTITUENTOFORDINARYMATTER TWODOWNQUARKS

19. PLUSANUP

20. COMPOSEANEUTRON U #(!2- C %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSINOFTHEUPCON STITUENTOFTHE*CPARTICLE

22. COMPARABLEINMASSTOANATOM OFOSMIUM6ERYSHORT LIVED D 342!.'% S B %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSIN OFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENTOFTHE MUCHSTUDIEDKAONPARTICLE /44/- %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER COPYOFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENT OFTHEMUCHSTUDIED MESONPARTICLE $/7. %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 #ONSTITUENTOFORDINARYMATTER TWODOWNQUARKS

23. PLUSANUP

24. COMPOSEANEUTRON D 342!.'% S B %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSIN OFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENTOFTHE MUCHSTUDIEDKAONPARTICLE /44/- %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER COPYOFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENT OFTHEMUCHSTUDIED MESONPARTICLE ,%04/.3 4HESEPARTICLESAREIMMUNETOTHESTRONGFORCEANDAREOBSERVEDASISOLATEDINDIVIDUALS%ACHNEUTRINOSHOWN HEREISACTUALLYAMIXTUREOFNEUTRINOSPECIES

25. EACHOFWHICHHASADElNITEMASSOFNOMORETHANAFEWE6 %,%#42/..%542)./ ,%04/.3 4HESEPARTICLESAREIMMUNETOTHESTRONGFORCEANDAREOBSERVEDASISOLATEDINDIVIDUALS%ACHNEUTRINOSHOWN HEREISACTUALLYAMIXTUREOFNEUTRINOSPECIES

26. EACHOFWHICHHASADElNITEMASSOFNOMORETHANAFEWE6 %,%#42/..%542)./ NE NM Nτ NE NM Nτ %LECTRICCHARGE )MMUNETOBOTHELECTROMAGNETISMAND THESTRONGFORCE

27. ITBARELYINTERACTS ATALLBUTISESSENTIALTORADIOACTIVITY -5/..%542)./ -5/..%542)./ %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHEMUON 4!5.%542)./ 4!5.%542)./ %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHETAULEPTON %,%#42/. E M τ E M τ %LECTRICCHARGE )MMUNETOBOTHELECTROMAGNETISMAND THESTRONGFORCE

28. ITBARELYINTERACTS ATALLBUTISESSENTIALTORADIOACTIVITY %,%#42/. E M τ %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 4HELIGHTESTCHARGEDPARTICLE

29. FAMILIAR ASTHECARRIEROFELECTRICCURRENTSANDTHE PARTICLESORBITINGATOMICNUCLEI -5/. %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHEMUON -5/. %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 !HEAVIERVERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

30. WITHA LIFETIMEOFMICROSECONDSDISCOVERED ASACOMPONENTOFCOSMIC RAYSHOWERS 4!5 %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHETAULEPTON 4!5 %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 !NOTHERUNSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER VERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

31. WITHALIFETIME OFPICOSECOND G ',5/.3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS %IGHTSPECIESOFGLUONSCARRYTHESTRONG INTERACTION

32. ACTINGONQUARKSANDONOTHER ( GLUONS4HEYDONOTFEELELECTROMAGNETICOR WEAKINTERACTIONS ()''3 NOTYETOBSERVED %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 4HELIGHTESTCHARGEDPARTICLE

33. FAMILIAR ASTHECARRIEROFELECTRICCURRENTSANDTHE PARTICLESORBITINGATOMICNUCLEI %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 !HEAVIERVERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

34. WITHA LIFETIMEOFMICROSECONDSDISCOVERED ASACOMPONENTOFCOSMIC RAYSHOWERS %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 !NOTHERUNSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER VERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

35. WITHALIFETIME OFPICOSECOND ( )- 3 # ) % . 4 ) ) #! - % 2 ) # ! . E B R U A R Y )- 3 # ) % . 4 ) ) #! - % 2 ) # ! . E B R U A R Y 3,)-),-3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 -EDIATOROFWEAKREACTIONSTHATDONOT CHANGETHEIDENTITYOFPARTICLES)TSRANGE ISONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGEORn -ASS'E6 -EDIATORSOFWEAKREACTIONSTHATCHANGE PARTICLEmAVORANDCHARGE4HEIRRANGEIS ONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS%XPECTEDBELOW4E6

36. MOST LIKELYBETWEENAND'E6 ELIEVEDTOENDOW9ANDBOSONS

37. QUARKS ANDLEPTONSWITHMASS ¥3#)%.4))#!-%2)#!.

38. ).# )- 3 # ) % . 4 ) ) #! - % 2 ) # ! . E B R U A R Y 3,)-),-3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 -EDIATOROFWEAKREACTIONSTHATDONOT CHANGETHEIDENTITYOFPARTICLES)TSRANGE ISONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGEORn -ASS'E6 -EDIATORSOFWEAKREACTIONSTHATCHANGE PARTICLEmAVORANDCHARGE4HEIRRANGEIS ONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS%XPECTEDBELOW4E6

41. ).# /3/.3 !TTHEQUANTUMLEVEL

43. THEQUANTUM OFLIGHTACTSONELECTRICALLYCHARGED PARTICLES)TACTSOVERUNLIMITEDDISTANCES /3/. 99 n/3/.3 ',5/.3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS %IGHTSPECIESOFGLUONSCARRYTHESTRONG INTERACTION

44. ACTINGONQUARKSANDONOTHER GLUONS4HEYDONOTFEELELECTROMAGNETICOR WEAKINTERACTIONS ()''3 NOTYETOBSERVED ,%04/.3 4HESEPARTICLESAREIMMUNETOTHESTRONGFORCEANDAREOBSERVEDASISOLATEDINDIVIDUALS%ACHNEUTRINOSHOWN HEREISACTUALLYAMIXTUREOFNEUTRINOSPECIES

45. EACHOFWHICHHASADElNITEMASSOFNOMORETHANAFEWE6 %,%#42/..%542)./ %LECTRICCHARGE )MMUNETOBOTHELECTROMAGNETISMAND THESTRONGFORCE

46. ITBARELYINTERACTS ATALLBUTISESSENTIALTORADIOACTIVITY -5/..%542)./ %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHEMUON 4!5.%542)./ %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHETAULEPTON %,%#42/. %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 4HELIGHTESTCHARGEDPARTICLE

47. FAMILIAR ASTHECARRIEROFELECTRICCURRENTSANDTHE PARTICLESORBITINGATOMICNUCLEI -5/. %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 !HEAVIERVERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

48. WITHA LIFETIMEOFMICROSECONDSDISCOVERED ASACOMPONENTOFCOSMIC RAYSHOWERS 4!5 %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 !NOTHERUNSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER VERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

49. WITHALIFETIME OFPICOSECOND 7 G 15!2+3 4HESEPARTICLESMAKEUPPROTONS

51. PLUSADOWN

52. MAKEUPAPROTON #(!2- %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSINOFTHEUPCON STITUENTOFTHE*CPARTICLE

53. WHICHHELPED PHYSICISTSDEVELOPTHE3TANDARD-ODEL 4/0 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 (EAVIESTKNOWNPARTICLE

54. COMPARABLEINMASSTOANATOM OFOSMIUM6ERYSHORT LIVED $/7. %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 #ONSTITUENTOFORDINARYMATTER TWODOWNQUARKS

55. PLUSANUP

56. COMPOSEANEUTRON 342!.'% %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSIN OFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENTOFTHE MUCHSTUDIEDKAONPARTICLE /44/- %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER COPYOFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENT OFTHEMUCHSTUDIED MESONPARTICLE U C D S B 0!24)#,%3/-!44%2 γ 0!24)#,%3//2#% : ( 3,)-),-3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 -EDIATOROFWEAKREACTIONSTHATDONOT CHANGETHEIDENTITYOFPARTICLES)TSRANGE ISONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGEORn -ASS'E6 -EDIATORSOFWEAKREACTIONSTHATCHANGE PARTICLEmAVORANDCHARGE4HEIRRANGEIS ONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS%XPECTEDBELOW4E6

59. ).# Quarks Leptões Bosões

68. PLUSADOWN

72. PLUSADOWN

74. PLUSANUP

78. PLUSANUP

106. PLUSADOWN

110. PLUSANUP

114. ).# Quarks Leptões Bosões Problemas • não contabiliza a gravidade; • a massa das partículas tem de ser nula

123. PLUSADOWN

127. PLUSADOWN

129. PLUSANUP

133. PLUSANUP

161. PLUSADOWN

165. PLUSANUP

169. ).# Quarks Leptões Bosões Problemas • não contabiliza a gravidade; • a massa das partículas tem de ser nula

170. 2. Simetria e quebra de simetria Quebra de simetria Super Força (Big Bang) Gravidade Electromagnetismo Força Nuclear Fraca Força Nuclear Forte O Universo está quebrado por ser velho e frio! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universe_expansion2.png

171. 2. Simetria e quebra de simetria Um embrião é inútil até quebrar a sua simetria http://medillin.deviantart.com/art/Morula-81724946 Peixe Salamandra Tartaruga Galinha Coelho Humano http://images.tutorvista.com/content/organic-evolution/vertebrate-embryos.jpeg

172. 2. Simetria e quebra de simetria

173. 2. Simetria e quebra de simetria Teoria de Peter Higgs Há um campo que preenche o espaço, e quando as partcílulas interagem com ele adquirem massa. http://www.livescience.com/17431-higgs-boson-god-particle-infographic.html

174. 3534!.#% !4/- DRAWNFROMAPALETTEOFADOZENmAVORS4HE3TANDARD-ODELTREATSTHEPARTICLESASGEOMETRICAL POINTSSIZESSHOWNHEREREmECTTHEIRMASSES 3534!.#% !4/- 3534!.#% !4/- 2. Simetria e quebra de simetria Modelo “Standard” 0!24)#,%3//2#% 0!24)#,%3//2#% /3/.3 !TTHEQUANTUMLEVEL

176. THEQUANTUM OFLIGHTACTSONELECTRICALLYCHARGED PARTICLES)TACTSOVERUNLIMITEDDISTANCES /3/. /3/.3 !TTHEQUANTUMLEVEL

178. THEQUANTUM OFLIGHTACTSONELECTRICALLYCHARGED PARTICLES)TACTSOVERUNLIMITEDDISTANCES /3/. 0!24)#,%3//2#% /3/.3 !TTHEQUANTUMLEVEL

180. THEQUANTUM OFLIGHTACTSONELECTRICALLYCHARGED PARTICLES)TACTSOVERUNLIMITEDDISTANCES /3/. 99 n/3/.3 : : 7 γ γ : 7 G 99 n/3/.3 T D S B %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER COPYOFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENT OFTHEMUCHSTUDIED MESONPARTICLE 99 n/3/.3 7 T 0!24)#,%3/-!44%2 15!2+3 4HESEPARTICLESMAKEUPPROTONS

182. PLUSADOWN

186. PLUSANUP

187. COMPOSEANEUTRON 342!.'% %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSIN OFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENTOFTHE MUCHSTUDIEDKAONPARTICLE /44/- ,%04/.3 4HESEPARTICLESAREIMMUNETOTHESTRONGFORCEANDAREOBSERVEDASISOLATEDINDIVIDUALS%ACHNEUTRINOSHOWN HEREISACTUALLYAMIXTUREOFNEUTRINOSPECIES

188. EACHOFWHICHHASADElNITEMASSOFNOMORETHANAFEWE6 %,%#42/..%542)./ NE NM Nτ NE NM Nτ ',5/.3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS %IGHTSPECIESOFGLUONSCARRYTHESTRONG INTERACTION

189. ACTINGONQUARKSANDONOTHER GLUONS4HEYDONOTFEELELECTROMAGNETICOR WEAKINTERACTIONS ()''3 NOTYETOBSERVED 0!24)#,%3/-!44%2 15!2+3 0!24)#,%3/-!44%2 4HESEPARTICLESMAKEUPPROTONS

190. NEUTRONSANDAVERITABLEZOOOFLESSER KNOWNPARTICLES 4HEYHAVENEVERBEENOBSERVEDINISOLATION 50 15!2+3 4HESEPARTICLESMAKEUPPROTONS

192. PLUSADOWN

193. MAKEUPAPROTON U #(!2- C U #(!2- C %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSINOFTHEUPCON STITUENTOFTHE*CPARTICLE

194. WHICHHELPED PHYSICISTSDEVELOPTHE3TANDARD-ODEL 4/0 T 4/0 T %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 (EAVIESTKNOWNPARTICLE

196. PLUSADOWN

197. MAKEUPAPROTON $/7. $/7. %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 #ONSTITUENTOFORDINARYMATTER TWODOWNQUARKS

198. PLUSANUP

199. COMPOSEANEUTRON %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSINOFTHEUPCON STITUENTOFTHE*CPARTICLE

200. WHICHHELPED PHYSICISTSDEVELOPTHE3TANDARD-ODEL %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 (EAVIESTKNOWNPARTICLE

201. COMPARABLEINMASSTOANATOM OFOSMIUM6ERYSHORT LIVED D 342!.'% S B D 342!.'% S B %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSIN OFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENTOFTHE MUCHSTUDIEDKAONPARTICLE /44/- /44/- %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER COPYOFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENT OFTHEMUCHSTUDIED MESONPARTICLE %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 #ONSTITUENTOFORDINARYMATTER TWODOWNQUARKS

202. PLUSANUP

203. COMPOSEANEUTRON %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 5NSTABLEHEAVIERCOUSIN OFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENTOFTHE MUCHSTUDIEDKAONPARTICLE %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 5NSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER COPYOFTHEDOWNCONSTITUENT OFTHEMUCHSTUDIED MESONPARTICLE ,%04/.3 4HESEPARTICLESAREIMMUNETOTHESTRONGFORCEANDAREOBSERVEDASISOLATEDINDIVIDUALS%ACHNEUTRINOSHOWN HEREISACTUALLYAMIXTUREOFNEUTRINOSPECIES

206. ITBARELYINTERACTS ATALLBUTISESSENTIALTORADIOACTIVITY -5/..%542)./ -5/..%542)./ -5/..%542)./ %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHEMUON 4!5.%542)./ 4!5.%542)./ 4!5.%542)./ %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHETAULEPTON %LECTRICCHARGE )MMUNETOBOTHELECTROMAGNETISMAND THESTRONGFORCE

207. ITBARELYINTERACTS ATALLBUTISESSENTIALTORADIOACTIVITY %LECTRICCHARGE )MMUNETOBOTHELECTROMAGNETISMAND THESTRONGFORCE

208. ITBARELYINTERACTS ATALLBUTISESSENTIALTORADIOACTIVITY %,%#42/. %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHEMUON %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHEMUON %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHETAULEPTON %LECTRICCHARGE !PPEARSINWEAKREACTIONS INVOLVINGTHETAULEPTON E M τ E M τ %,%#42/. %,%#42/. E M τ E M τ %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 4HELIGHTESTCHARGEDPARTICLE

209. FAMILIAR ASTHECARRIEROFELECTRICCURRENTSANDTHE PARTICLESORBITINGATOMICNUCLEI -5/. -5/. -5/. %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 !HEAVIERVERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

210. WITHA LIFETIMEOFMICROSECONDSDISCOVERED ASACOMPONENTOFCOSMIC RAYSHOWERS 4!5 4!5 4!5 %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 !NOTHERUNSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER VERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

211. WITHALIFETIME OFPICOSECOND γ G ',5/.3 G %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS %IGHTSPECIESOFGLUONSCARRYTHESTRONG INTERACTION

212. ACTINGONQUARKSANDONOTHER GLUONS4HEYDONOTFEELELECTROMAGNETICOR WEAKINTERACTIONS ()''3 NOTYETOBSERVED ',5/.3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS %IGHTSPECIESOFGLUONSCARRYTHESTRONG INTERACTION

213. ACTINGONQUARKSANDONOTHER GLUONS4HEYDONOTFEELELECTROMAGNETICOR WEAKINTERACTIONS ()''3 ( NOTYETOBSERVED %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 4HELIGHTESTCHARGEDPARTICLE

214. FAMILIAR ASTHECARRIEROFELECTRICCURRENTSANDTHE PARTICLESORBITINGATOMICNUCLEI %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 4HELIGHTESTCHARGEDPARTICLE

216. WITHA LIFETIMEOFMICROSECONDSDISCOVERED ASACOMPONENTOFCOSMIC RAYSHOWERS %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS-E6 !HEAVIERVERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

218. WITHALIFETIME OFPICOSECOND %LECTRICCHARGEn -ASS'E6 !NOTHERUNSTABLEANDSTILLHEAVIER VERSIONOFTHEELECTRON

219. WITHALIFETIME OFPICOSECOND ( ( )- 3 # ) % . 4 ) ) #! - % 2 ) # ! . E B R U A R Y )- 3 # ) % . 4 ) ) #! - % 2 ) # ! . E B R U A R Y 3,)-),-3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 -EDIATOROFWEAKREACTIONSTHATDONOT CHANGETHEIDENTITYOFPARTICLES)TSRANGE ISONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGEORn -ASS'E6 -EDIATORSOFWEAKREACTIONSTHATCHANGE PARTICLEmAVORANDCHARGE4HEIRRANGEIS ONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS%XPECTEDBELOW4E6

222. ).# )- 3#)%.4) )#!-%2)#!. EBRUAR Y 3,)-),-3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 -EDIATOROFWEAKREACTIONSTHATDONOT CHANGETHEIDENTITYOFPARTICLES)TSRANGE ISONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGEORn -ASS'E6 -EDIATORSOFWEAKREACTIONSTHATCHANGE PARTICLEmAVORANDCHARGE4HEIRRANGEIS ONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS%XPECTEDBELOW4E6

235. PLUSADOWN

239. PLUSANUP

243. ).# Quarks Leptões Bosões )- 3 # ) % . 4 ) ) #! - % 2 ) # ! . E B R U A R Y 3,)-),-3 %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS'E6 -EDIATOROFWEAKREACTIONSTHATDONOT CHANGETHEIDENTITYOFPARTICLES)TSRANGE ISONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGEORn -ASS'E6 -EDIATORSOFWEAKREACTIONSTHATCHANGE PARTICLEmAVORANDCHARGE4HEIRRANGEIS ONLYABOUTnMETER %LECTRICCHARGE -ASS%XPECTEDBELOW4E6

246. ).#

247. 3. Revoluções no horizonte A Procura do Bosão de Higgs Porque não foi encontrado? Princípio da Incerteza Partículas com a massa da de Higgs têm um tempo de vida muito curto; são difíceis de encontrar. Problema da Hierarquia Se a partícula de Higgs afete outras partículas, pode haver outras mais elementares que afetem a de Higgs.

248. 3. Revoluções no horizonte As cinco metas do LHC 1. Redescorberta do Modelo Standard; 2. Determinar a origem da quebra de simetria; 3. Procurar novas forças na natureza; 4. Produzir matéria negra; 5. Procura de novas dimensões.

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