For my examination in the course Cellular Neuroscience at the University of Copenhagen I presented this classic paper by Bischofberger and Jonas (1997).
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Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells
1. Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
Copenhagen, 19th
of June, 2013
Cellular Neuroscience examine
Rune Rasmussen
BSc. Student, Sport and Exercise Sciences
Action potential propagation into the presynaptic
dendrites of rat mitral cells
(Bischofberger and Jonas, 1997)
2. Mitral cells (MC)
Pre-synaptic neurotransmitter
release to interneurons (glutamate)
Principal projection neurons
Dendrodendritic synapses
contain L- and N-type
Ca2+
channels
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
(Illustration from Neuroscience, fifth edition, 2011)
3. Mitral cells (MC)
(Illustration from S. Cajal, 1894: La fine structures des centres nerveux)
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
Large soma
Primary dendrite
4. Aim of study
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
Examine directly the presynaptic voltage signal that
triggers transmitter release at dendrodendritic synapse in MC
5. Evoked action potential (AP) – fast time course
Whole-cell current-clamp
Somatic current injection
(Illustration from Neuroscience, fifth edition, 2011)
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
6. Where is the AP initiated?
Evoked AP - fast time course
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
7. APs initiated near soma
Whole-cell current-clamp
Somatic current injection
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
8. APs initiated near soma
Whole-cell current-clamp
Dendritic current injection
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
9. APs amplitude conserved
Amplitude and time course maintained during back-propagation
Which channels mediates this?
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
10. Voltage-gated Na+
channels present in dendrites
Dendritic outside-out
voltage clamp
(Illustration from Neuroscience, fifth edition, 2011)
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
K+
replaced by Cs+
11. Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
• Fast voltage-dependent activation
• Rapid inactivation
• Sensitive to TTX
Voltage-gated Na+
channels present in dendrites
12. Na+
channels support AP back-propagation
Somatic current injection
Somatic AP-like voltage command
Current clamp dendrite
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
13. Small HD, which channels mediates this?
Half-duration (HD)* from
baseline, not lowest
value
½ height
*Half-duration defined in: Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8, 451-465 (June 2007)
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
Fast repolarization phase
14. Voltage-gated K+
channels present in dendrites
Dendritic outside-out
voltage clamp from -60 to
30 mV
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
Glutathione added
15. Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
• Voltage-dependent activation
• No inactivation
• Sensitive to TEA
Voltage-gated K+
channels present in dendrites
16. Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
K+
channels mediate repolarization phase
Somatic current injection
Somatic AP-like voltage command
Current clamp dendrite
17. Summary
Amplitude and time course of somatic AP
maintained during AP back-propagation in MC
Voltage-gated Na+
channels support this back-
propagation into MC dendrites
Voltage-gated K+
channels mediate AP
repolarization in MC dendrites
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
18. Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
Copenhagen, 19th
of June, 2013
Cellular Neuroscience examine
Rune Rasmussen
BSc. Student, Sport and Exercise Sciences
Part of the olfactory system. Located in olfactory bulb. Principal projection neurons to other brain regions. Dendrodendritic synapses – dendrites able to release neurotransmitter like axonal terminals.
Part of the olfactory system. Located in olfactory bulb. Principal projection neurons to other brain regions. Dendrodendritic synapses – dendrites able to release neurotransmitter like axonal terminals.
Part of the olfactory system. Located in olfactory bulb. Principal projection neurons to other brain regions. Dendrodendritic synapses – dendrites able to release neurotransmitter like axonal terminals.
Whole cell current clamp – measures regional potentials though numerous channels. APs is equal in amplitude and time course in primary dendrite and soma when current injected in soma.
So where is the AP initiated first? In the primary dendrites? The soma? or in the axon initial segment?
Current injected in soma => AP initiated in the soma first.
Current injected in primary dendrite => AP initiated in the soma first. => The AP is initiated close to the soma, most likely initial axonal segment.
As mentioned both the amplitude and time course is conserved with increasing distance away from AP initiation site => Which channels are mediating this back-propagation into the primary dendrite?
Outside-out voltage clamp recording mode. Depolarizing voltage pulses from -90 mV to -10 mV with and without the sodium channel blocker Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Cesium blocks potassium channels
In response to membrane depolarizing step a fast inward current which quickly inactivates and it is sensitive to TTX => Bears all the characteristics for a voltage-gated sodium current. They conclude that there are voltage-gated sodium channels in the primary dendritic membrane of MC.
Is it the voltage-gated sodium channels that mediates the fast back-propagation in MC dendrites? Control situation; current clamp mode and initiates an AP in soma and primary dendrite in equal size. TTX in extracellular solution; Not able to trigger an AP in the soma region so they use an AP-like voltage camp (Voltage clamp mode) and measures the potential at the primary dendrite (current clamp). Rate of rise is decreased as well as the peak amplitude of the AP. => Sodium channels are supporting the AP back-propagation into primary dendrites in MC.
In the control situation we notice a small half-duration of the AP in the primary dendrite. Which channels are mediating this fast repolarization of the membrane?
Outside-out voltage clamp mode from a patch of the dendritic plasma membrane. Apply voltage steps from -60 mV to 30 mV and measures the current in the pipette under native conditions and in the presence of TEA, a potassium channel blocker. Glutathione inactivates voltage-gated sodium channels.
The current-amplitude is voltage-dependent as with increasing depolarizing steps the outward current is increased. No sign of inactivation when the voltage step is maintained. TEA decreases the amplitude of the outward current even if the same voltage steps is applied. They conclude that there are voltage-gated potassium channels in the primary dendritic membrane of MC. Normally the potassium channel activation time-constant is relatively fixed, but in this case they are highly voltage-sensitive, as with increasing depolarization the time-constant for activation decreases, and is only submillisecond at +30 mV => they only have a very small effect on the AP amplitude.
Is the the voltage-gated potassium channels that mediates the repolarization in MC dendrites? Control situation; current clamp mode and initiates an AP in soma and primary dendrite in equal size. TEA in extracellular solution; They use an AP-like voltage camp (Voltage clamp mode) and measures the potential at the primary dendrite (current clamp). The half-duration of the AP is increased. => Potassium channels are mediating the fast repolarization in the primary dendrites of MC.
Sodium currents all the way from soma to distal dendritic site. Perhaps a bit increase in conductance density with increasing distance from soma?! High variability in recordings.
Equal AP amplitude at both soma and dendritc site under control conditions, but TTX decreases the amplitude at dendrites markedly => Sodium channels are supporting the active back-propagation into MC dendrites.
Potassium currents all the way from soma to distal dendritic sites. Perhaps a little bigger conductance density at more distal site than at soma?!
Potassium currents all the way from soma to distal dendritic sites. Perhaps a little bigger conductance density at more distal site than at soma?!