Presentation made by Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy at Dr. MCR HRD IAP on 18 Dec 12

1. Climate Change and
Water Resources
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy,
CEO, GEO http://e-geo.org
16th August 2012
Center for Climate Change and Environment Advisory (CCCEA)
Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP, India

2. Present carbon cycle
Storage and flux of carbon
(in billions of tones)
SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS
Very fast (less than 1 year)
Fast (1 to 10 years)
Slow (10 to 100 years)
Very slow (more than 100 years)

3. Human activity influence

4. Variation of the temperature on Earth

5. Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)

6. Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

7. TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS
5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)
Models’ forecasts : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.
Source : IPCC/SRESA2

8. Visual impact of Climate Change

9. Impact of Climate Change on society
…Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma…
Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

10. Cost of extreme weather events

11. Less visual but with major impact
Agriculture and food security
Consequences of Crop yields, irrigation demands...
climate change:
Forest
Composition, health and productivity...
Water resources
Water supply, water quality...
Coastal areas
Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...
Species and natural areas
> Temperature increase
Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
> Sea level rise
> More rain
Human health
Infectious diseases, human settlements...

12. Vulnerability
Vulnerability to climate change is the risk of
adverse things happening
Vulnerability is a function of three factors:
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive capacity

13. Exposure
•Exposure is what is at risk from climate
change, e.g.,
– Population
– Resources
– Property
•It is also the climate change that an
affected system will face, e.g.,
– Sea level
– Temperature
– Precipitation
– Extreme events

14. Sensitivity
• Biophysical effect of climate
change
– Change in crop yield, runoff,
energy demand
• It considers the
socioeconomic context, e.g.,
the agriculture system
• Grain crops typically are
sensitive
• Manufacturing typically is
much less sensitive

15. Adaptive Capacity
• Capability to adapt
• Function of:
– Wealth
– Technology
– Education
– Institutions
– Information
– Infrastructure
– “Social capital”
• Having adaptive capacity does
not mean it is used effectively

16. Vulnerability is a
Function of …
• More exposure and
sensitivity increase
vulnerability
• More adaptive capacity
decreases vulnerability
• An assessment of
vulnerability should
consider all three
factors

17. Adaptation
“adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm of
exploits beneficial opportunities”
(Third Assessment Report, Working
Group II)
Includes “actual” (realized) or
“expected” (future) changes in
climate

18. Adaptation (continued)
Two types of adaptation
Autonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be what
people and systems do as impacts of climate change become
apparent
Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to
reduce potential risks of future climate change

19. SL framework: Determinants of adaptive capacity
Livelihood Examples
resources
Human Knowledge, Skills
Social Women’s savings and loans groups, farmer-
CBOs
Physical Irrigation infrastructure, seed and grain
storage facilities
Natural Reliable water source, productive land
Financial Micro-insurance, diversified income sources
Policies, institutions and power structures

20. Capitals

21. Indian poverty
• Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation
estimated to have a third of the world's poor.
According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 41.6%
of the total Indian population falls below
the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day
(PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas
and 14.3 in rural areas).[1] A recent report by the
Oxford Poverty and Human Development
Initiative states that 8 Indian states have more
poor than 26 poorest African nations combined
which totals to more than 410 million poor in the
poorest African countries.[2]

23. What is being done and how effective is it?
1. Communities continuously finding better options to reduce their
vulnerability
2. Few responses decrease the sensitivity of the system
3. Majority are short-term fixes - reduce vulnerability temporarily but
decreases the resilience of the system

24. Climate Changes
in India
• Increase in surface
temperature by 0.4
degree C over the
past century.
• Warming trend
along the west
coast, in central
India, the interior
peninsula, and
northeastern India.

25. Climate Changes in
India
• Cooling trend in
northwest India and parts
of South India.
• Regional monsoon
variations: increased
monsoon seasonal
rainfall along the west
coast, northern Andhra
Pradesh and North-
western India, decreased
monsoon seasonal
rainfall over eastern
Madhya Pradesh, North-

26. Climate Changes in India
• Observed trends of multi-
decadal periods of more
frequent droughts, followed
by less severe droughts.
• Studies have shown a rising
trend in the frequency of
heavy rain events and
decrease in frequency of
moderate events over
central India from 1951 to
2000.
26

27. Climate Changes in
India
• Records of coastal tide
gauges in the north
Indian ocean for the
last 40 years has
revealed an estimated
sea level rise between
1.06-1.75 mm per year.
• The available
monitoring data on
Himalayan glaciers
indicates recession of
some glaciers. 27

28. Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons)
25
20.01
20
15
11.71
9.4 9.87
10
5 3.6 4.25
1.02
0
USA Europe Japan China Russia India World
average

29. Watershed activities focus on vulnerability
reduction
Livelihood enforcing
support rights
Productivity of
Enhancement
natural
of knowledge
resources

33. Every drop counts

34. The Barefoot College, Tilonia

35. Freshwater management in India
Water Conservation
Watershed management
Water quality conservation
Inter basin water transfer
GW management
Recycle and reuse of water
Public involvement and capacity building
Anupma Sharma

36. Condensation
Let’s take a look at
Precipitation The Water Cycle
Evapotranspiration
Evaporation
Infiltration
Surface Runoff
Consumption Surface Water
.ppt (36)
Sea water intrusion

37. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (WDP)
Improve and sustain productivity and production
potentials of the dry/semi-arid regions of India
through adoption of appropriate production and
conservation technologies.
Meet the needs of local rural communities for
food, fuel, fodder and timber. Improve all types
of lands, i.e., Government, Forest, Community
and Private Lands falling within a watershed.

38. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (WDP)
WDPs, in short: A holistic approach to improve and
develop the economic and natural resource base
of dry/semi-arid/fragile regions. In a watershed
development program the watershed is the unit
for development rather than political or
administrative boundaries

39. WDP Activities
• i)Land Development: Levelling and
terracing, improving soil quality and
productivity; and watershed reclamation.
• ii)Water Development: Promote in situ water
harvesting and conservation, establish
percolation ponds and open
wells, tanks, small reservoirs, and improving
water quality.

40. WDP Activities
• iii)Enterprises/Activities: Evolve appropriate
farming systems, encourage a crop mix of
high value/high yield crops, social/agro-
forestry, other income-generating activities
like dairying, poultry-keeping, etc.

41. Some Illustrations of Benefits of
WDPs
• -Replacing seasonal/annual crops with agro-
silvi, agrohorti, silvi-horti; systems on hill
slopes/degraded lands. Benefits: reduce soil
erosion; arrest surface run-offs.
• -Training water to store excess water run-offs in
farm ponds/percolation tanks. Benefits: improve
groundwater recharge.
• -Construction of earthen or vegetative bunds or
barriers to surface run-offs in a watershed.
Benefits: help in moisture conservation.

43. In the life of a
farmer climate
Variability and
Extreme events are
more important
than climate change

44. Government departments (AP)
• Agriculture and Co-Operation • Labour, Employment Training and Factories
• Animal Husbandry and Fisheries • Law
• Backward Classes Welfare • Minorities Welfare
• Consumer Affairs Food & Civil Supplies • Municipal Administration and Urban
• Energy Development
• Environment, Forests, Science and • Panchayat Raj and Rural Development
Technology • Planning
• FinanceFinance (PMU)Finance (Project Wing) • Public Enterprises
• General Administration • Rain Shadow Areas Development
• Health, Medical and Family Welfare • Revenue
• Higher Education • School Education (SE Wing)
• Home • School Education (SSA Wing)
• Housing • Social Welfare
• Industries and Commerce • Transport, Roads and Buildings
• Information Technology and Communications • Women Development, Child Welfare and
• Infrastructure and Investment Disabled Welfare
• Irrigation • Youth Advancement, Tourism and Culture
http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3

45. MGNREGA
• 'National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'2005 (NREGA)
• Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to
every household
• a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an
opportunity to combine growth with equity
• Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force, not as
recipients of doles, but as productive partners in our
economic process
• assets created result in sustained employment for the area for
future growth employment and self-sufficiency
• Operationalised from 2nd February, 2006 in 200 selected
districts, extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08.
• The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the
ambit of NREGA from 1st of April, 2008

46. Agriculture
• India ‘s population is 1.21 billion in 2011. 67% are rural.
Majority are in agriculture.
• Importance of agriculture in Indian economy. Although it
contributes only 15% of GDP, the share of workers is about
55%.
• Marginal and small farmers dominate
• Major crops are rice, wheat, maize, coarse
cereals, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables
• 60% of cultivated area is rainfed as only 40% of area is
under irrigation.
• Rural poverty is 41%in 2004-05.
• Agriculture is a ‘State Subject’. In other words, the policies
of provinces are also important

47. Climate Change / Variability
in Semi-arid regions
Precipitation is less than
potential
evapotranspiration.
Low annual rainfall of 25
to 60 centimeters and
having scrubby vegetation
with short, coarse grasses;
not completely arid.

48. Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions
Climate Variability and extremes are an
expected characteristic of semi-arid lands.
The people vulnerable to droughts, which
trigger frequent subsistence crises
Increasing crop
failures, dislocation, famine, poverty, increases
stratification and the social inequities.

49. Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change - Soil fertility Water
variability - management
extremes
Impact of Burning of crop Alkalinity of soils
hazardous residue
pesticides and
nitrogen fertilizers

50. Crop Water
Soil Climate
Energy Environment

52. Vulnerability of poor in rural areas
Two-thirds of households derive income directly
from natural sources
Natural resources are threatened by stresses
Biotic & Abiotic
Agriculture & natural resource based livelihoods
at immediate risk
Rural poor do not have resources to cope

53. Nature of Works
Water based Land based
• » Water conservation
• » Land development
• » Water harvesting
• » Micro and minor Forest/ Agro--Forestry
irrigation works
• » Provision of irrigation • » Afforestation
facilities • » Horticulture
• » Desilting of tanks Infrastructure
• » Renovation of traditional
water bodies • » Rural roads
• » Flood control and
protection works

58. Conservation technologies
Stress-tolerant, climate-resilient varieties of
seeds, drip irrigation, zero-tillage, raised-bed
planting, laser-levelling, Systems of Rice
Intensification (SRI), can build adaptive
capacities to cope with increasing water
stress, providing “more crop per drop”.

59. “VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE
CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA”
Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability
Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification
Community Empowerment
Energy
Bio Diversity Agriculture Production Water Resources
Climate Change
Appropriate Skills Water Management
SCENARIO 1
Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political
AFPRO 59

60. GSBC PROJECT
INTEGRATED APPROACH

61. Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change - Soil fertility Water
variability - management
extremes
Impact of Burning of crop Alkalinity of soils
hazardous residue
pesticides and
nitrogen fertilizers

62. 100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
0
195152
195253
195354
195455
195556
195657
195758
195859
195960
196061
196162
196263
196364
196465
196566
196667
196768
196869
196970
197071
197172
197273
197374
197475
197576
197677
197778
197879
197980
198081
198182
198283
198384
198485
198586
198687
198788
198889
198990
199091
199192
199293
199394
199495
199596
199697
199798
199899
199900
200001
200102
200203
Mahabubnagar District Rainfall Pattern
200304
200405
200506
200607
R2 = 0.1374
200708
200809
200910
y = -4.6207x + 851.14
201011
201112
201213
201314

63. Field level interventions
ACTIVITY
CAPACITY
DEVELOPMENT
FACILITATION RESEARCH

64. INCREASED
PRODUCTI SOIL
SPIRITUAL CARBON ON TEMPERAT
SEQUESTR URE
ATION REGULATE
D
CREMATIO
BELIEFS
N
TERMITES /
MOISTURE
ANTS
RETENTION
CULTURAL REPULSION
ALTARS RITUALS ENERG
Y
EARTHWO WATER
SOIL
RMS CONSERVA
FESTIVALS AMENDMENT
INCREASE TION
BIOCH
AR
NITROGEN
BIOMASS BIOCHAR
/
PHOSPHOR
COMPOST
OUS
INSECT FOOD PRESERV RETENTION
REPELLE ING
NT FOOD SOIL
MICROBES
NURSERIES
FILTERIN CLEANIN DENSITY
INCREASE PESTICIDES
G MEDIA G ADBSORBTI
ON
GOOD
STOVES
SOAK MEDICIN •TLUDs
PITS E •Other
stoves POULTRY -
PRACTICES CH4
REDUCTION
BIOCHAR MATTRE WASTE
URINALS SS MANAGEM SOURCES CROP
ENT (BIOMASS) RESIDUE
•Sludge
BIOCHAR TOOTH ANIMALS
BRICKS POWDER
AQUARI AIR
POULTRY
QUALITY LIVESTOCK -
UM / LITTER FYM /
WATER URINE AND
TERRARI • CO2 / COMPOST
TREATM DUNG
UMS CH4
ENT Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO
http://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com

65. RITUAL /
SPIRITUAL /
SOIL AGRICUTURE ANIMALS ENERGY HABITAT SANITATION HEALTH WATER
RELIGIOUS /
PRACTICES
PADDY APPLICATION IN
ANIMAL PLACES BIOCHAR FIRE / ALTAR /
METHANE BIOCHAR URINALS
TO TAP SOURCE FROM YAGNAS /
EMISSIONS BRICKS CLEANING
URINE, SANITAT EFFICIENT TLUD AGNIHOTRA
REDUCTION TEETH
ION AND COOK STOVES
EMISSIONS
BIOCHAR
REDUCTION
BIOCHAR
PESTICIDE & TOILETS
COMPLEX
BIOCHAR IN FIRE DURING
CHEMICALS
AQUARIUMS FESTIVALS
AFFECTS
RUMINANT WATER
MITIGATION
ANIMALS AS BY PRODUCT PURIFICATION –
METHANE FROM GASIFIER BIOCHAR IN BIOCHAR COLOR, ODOR,
EMISSIONS STOVES, BOILER CATTLE SHEDS TABLETS REMOVAL OF
EMMISIONS REDUCTION AS S ETC HARMFUL
REDUCTION FEED ADDITIVE ELEMENTS, ETC.
BIOCHAR IN
FROM FARM
POULTRY CREMATIONS
YARD
FARMS CLEANING
MANURES AND
COMPOSTS PLATES /
BIOCHAR UTENSILS
SOAKING IN
COMPOST CHARCOAL
WITH ANIMALS BIOCHAR IN
PRODUCTION NATURAL /
URINE AND FOOD AS PART
FROM BIOMASS BIOCHAR IN ARTIFICIAL
CROP RESIDUE EXCRETA - OF FOOD
/ WASTE FRIDGES, MATT FIRES IN
MANAGEMENT VALUE BATHING PREPARATIONS
MANAGEMENT RESSES, ETC. FORESTS /
ADDITION
FIELDS, ETC.

66. Biocharculture
Biocharculture is the process of using Biochar,
including cultivation of crops
• Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source
material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial
ecosystems
• Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable
cultivation and carbon sequestration.
• Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600
degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass
cook stoves.
• Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic
C, Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than
uncharred organic matter

67. Biocharculture Adaptation benefits
Lessen the impact
of hazardous
Securing the crop
Reclaim the pesticides and
from drought and water conservation,
degraded soils, complex chemicals
climate variabiiity
& to reduce plant
uptake.
Conversion of crop
reducing emissions increases in
residue into Biochar
and increasing the Increase in crop C, N, pH, and
an option and
sequestration of yield available P to the
address carbon
greenhouse gases plants
sequestration
Reduction in Increase in the soil
Impacts of Biochar Temperature
leaching of the bio / microbes / worms
last more than 1000 regulation in the
chem fertilizers at the biochar and
years. soil
applied soil interface

68. CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA
Farmers focus
80% ON CROP
20% ON SOIL

69. BIOCHAR COMPOST

70. APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS

71. OKRA - CONTROL AND BIOCHAR PLOTS
CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST
4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS

72. BIOCHAR
CONTROL
1.5 FEET 6 FEET

73. BIOCHAR
RESULTS
GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT
PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING
SEASON)

74. Methane Emissions from paddy fields

75. Biochar – livestock urine

76. BIOCHAR URINALS
TAPPING NITROGEN FROM URINE
OF ANIMALS AND PEOPLE USING
BIOCHAR

77. OTHER BIOCHAR
APPLICATIONS
BIOCHAR BRICKS, GREEN BUILDINGS

82. MAGH SERIES BIOCHAR PRODUCING STOVES

83. MAGH SERIES BIOCHAR PRODUCING STOVES