Culture Chapter Summary
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The document is a chapter from a sociology textbook that discusses the concept of culture. It defines culture as the totality of learned behaviors and beliefs shared by a society. It explores how culture has developed around the world through processes like innovation, diffusion, and responses to technology and globalization. The chapter also examines key elements of culture, including language, norms, values, and how the dominant ideology can shape a culture. It analyzes cultural variation through subcultures and discusses cultural shock. In the end, it discusses different attitudes toward cultural variation such as ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.
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Culture Chapter Summary
- 1. 3-1 Richard T. Schaefer SOCIOLOGY: Eighth Edition McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 2. 3 chapter CULTURE CHAPTER OUTLINE •Culture and Society •Development of Culture around the World •Elements of Culture •Culture and the Dominant Ideology •Cultural Variation •Social Policy and Culture: Bilingualism McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 3. Culture and Society 3-3 █ Culture: totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior – Culture includes all objects and ideas within a society, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people • Does not refer to fine arts or intellectual taste McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 4. Tattooing? McGraw-Hill 3-4 © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 5. Development of Culture Around the World 3-5 █ We have come a long way from our prehistoric age and we are remarkably different from other species of the animal kingdom. █ Human culture has been evolving for thousands of years. █ Tracing human culture is not easy. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 6. Development of Culture Around the World 3-6 █ Cultural Universals – All societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs. – They are not uniform – Most human cultures change and expand through innovation and diffusion McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 7. Development of Culture Around the World 3-7 █ Innovation – Process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture – Innovation may take the form of either discovery or invention • Discovery: making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality • Invention: when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 8. Development of Culture Around the World 3-8 █ Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology – Globalization: worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trades and the exchange of ideas McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 9. Development of Culture Around the World 3-9 █ Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology – Diffusion: process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 10. Development of Culture Around the World 3-10 █ Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology – Technology: “cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires” (Nolan and Lenski 1999). • Accelerates the diffusion of scientific innovations • Transmits culture McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 11. Development of Culture Around the World 3-11 █ Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology – Material culture: physical or technological aspects of our daily lives •Food •Houses •Factories •Raw materials McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 12. Development of Culture Around the World 3-12 █ Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology – Nonmaterial Culture: ways of using material objects •Customs as well as: •Beliefs •Government •Patterns of communication •Philosophies McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 13. Development of Culture Around the World 3-13 █ Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology – Culture Lag: period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 14. Elements of Culture 3-14 █ Language – Abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. Includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and gestures and expressions of nonverbal communication McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 15. Elements of Culture 3-15 █ Language – Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language precedes thought. Language is not a given. Language is culturally determined. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 16. Elements of Culture 3-16 █ Language – Nonverbal Communication • Use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate • Not the same in all cultures • Learned just as we learn other forms of language McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 17. 3-17 McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 18. Elements of Culture 3-18 █ Norms – Established standards of behavior maintained by a society To be significant, must be widely shared and understood McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 19. Elements of Culture 3-19 █ Norms – Types of Norms • Formal norms – Generally written down; specify strict punishments for violations • Informal norms – Generally understood but not precisely recorded McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 20. Elements of Culture 3-20 █ Norms – Types of Norms • Mores – Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of a people • Folkways – Norms governing everyday behavior McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 21. Elements of Culture 3-21 █ Norms – Acceptance of Norms • Subject to change as political, economic, and social conditions of a culture are transformed █ Sanctions – Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm • May be either positive or negative McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 22. Elements of Culture McGraw-Hill 3-22 © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 23. Elements of Culture 3-23 █ Values – Collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper—or bad, undesirable, and improper—in a culture Influence people’s behavior Criteria for evaluating actions of others McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 24. Elements of Culture 3-24 █ Values may be specific or they may be more general. █ Values may change but only slowly. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 25. Culture and the Dominant Ideology 3-25 █ Dominant Ideology – Describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests • Control wealth and property • Control the means of producing beliefs about reality through: – religion – education – the media McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 26. Cultural Variation 3-26 █ Aspects of Cultural Variation – Subculture: Segment of society that shares distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger society • A subculture is a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 27. Cultural Variation 3-27 █ Aspects of Cultural Variation – Counterculture: subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture • Hippies • JMB McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 28. Cultural Variation 3-28 █ Cultural Variation – Culture shock: Feeling disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 29. Cultural Variation 3-29 █ Attitudes Toward Cultural Variation – Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represents the norm or is superior to all others. – Cultural relativism: views people’s behaviors from the perspective of their own culture – Xenocentrism: Belief that products, styles, or ideas of one’s society are inferior to those that originate elsewhere McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Notes de l'éditeur
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