FinalGo_ Report ETP 830 S Nuumbala S 201066262 2015 (2)

POLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA
(TRANSFORMING INTO NAMIBIA UNVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Electronics and Telecommunications Project 511 (ETP 830 S)
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
PROJECT TITLE:
ALCOHOL AND FINGERPRINT ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
Prepared by: Nuumbala Sakaria
Student Number: 201066262
Supervisor: Mrs Smita Francis
Project Coordinator: Mr Gideon Gope
PROGRAM
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION)
JUNE 2015
A project report submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the
Polytechnic of Namibia in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for a Bachelor of
Engineering degree in Electronics and Telecommunication.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA i
Declaration
I Sakaria Nuumbala hereby declare that the content of this project report titled “Alcohol and
Fingerprint Access Control System” represents my own unaided work, and that the report has not
previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it
represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Polytechnic of Namibia (PON). This
work is being submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Telecommunications at the Polytechnic of Namibia.
Signature: ……………………………………..
Date: …………………………………………...

NUUMBALA SAKARIA ii
Abstract
The project presents a design and implementation of Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control
System at the Polytechnic of Namibia (PON). It utilizes the fingerprint recognition technology to
allow access to only those students whose fingerprints are in the system database upon registration.
The designed system prevent unauthorized and inebriated students on campus. Students will enter
by simply pressing their index finger (Left or Right) on a fingerprint scanner that will be made
available at the entrance of the campus. In this project implementation of a stand-along base
fingerprint identification module (GT-511C1R) was used, which can store up to 20 different
fingerprints on its board flash memory. The first step that is required at the system is the scan of
the finger, then the fingerprint reader extract the unique pattern features of the print to provide a
match from the database. If there is a match, the system will require student to blow into an alcohol
breathalyser (MQ-3) for alcohol test. If the student’s blood alcohol content (BAC) is below
maximum limit of 0.08mg/L of alcohol per blood and student fingerprint is in the database a signal
is sent to a microcontroller to instruct a stepper motor of the revolving door to rotate, then access
is granted, otherwise access is denied.
Key Words: Alcohol Gas Analyser (MQ-3), Fingerprint scanner (GT-511C1R), Stepper motor,
Arduino Uno broad

NUUMBALA SAKARIA iii
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the almighty God for making everything possible for me throughout the
course of my studies. Furthermost I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude towards
my supervisor, Mrs Francis Smita who has given me much suggestion, guidance and support. I
wish to thank my family for the support they gave me throughout my studies, particularly my
mother (Martha Tomas Nzigona Yuuwa) who taught a wisdom of discipline in me, all my siblings,
Mr Johannes Kalimba, the late Mrs Hanna Kateta-Kalimba, Malakia Ndilipunye Kashona, Pinehas
Rehabeam Kondjashili, Kamati Oiva Viety and Mr Shilongo Ndjamba for the financial support
they gave me during my stay in Windhoek. God bless you all. Further gratitude goes to Namibia
Students Financial Assistance Fund (NSFAF) for supporting me financially. I could not have come
this far without your support.
Finally my extended appreciation goes to all the staff members of the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering for their extensive cooperation and guidance. I also take this opportunity
to give thanks to all my colleagues and others who have given me support in other aspects of my
stay at PON.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA iv
Table of Contents
Declaration....................................................................................................................................... i
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................iii
List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix
Definitions.....................................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose of the study......................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Scope and limitations ....................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Aims and Objectives ........................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Project Methodology........................................................................................................ 5
1.7 Significance of the Project ............................................................................................... 6
1.8 Project Assumptions......................................................................................................... 6
1.9 Report Outline.................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................ 9
2.1 Fingerprint............................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.1 Definition of fingerprint ................................................................................................. 9
2.1.2 Fingerprint recognition and verification....................................................................... 10
2.2 Advantage of using biometric system ................................................................................. 12
2.3 Polytechnic of Namibia’s policy on student alcohol consumption on campus................... 13
2.4 Technology Review............................................................................................................. 14
2.5 Related work ....................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 23
3.1 Project Execution Methodology.......................................................................................... 23
3.2 Analysis and theories .......................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Functional Block Diagram .................................................................................................. 26
3.3.1 Block Diagram Description.......................................................................................... 27
3.3.2 Function of Components .............................................................................................. 27

NUUMBALA SAKARIA v
3.4 Operational Flow Chart....................................................................................................... 28
3.5 Project Time Line................................................................................................................ 29
3.6 Project Cost ......................................................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS.......................................... 31
4.1 Technical Specification....................................................................................................... 31
4.2 Software Specification ........................................................................................................ 41
4.3 System Architecture ............................................................................................................ 43
CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM DESIGN................................................................................................ 44
5.1 System Software design ...................................................................................................... 44
5.2 System Hardware Design.................................................................................................... 48
5.2.1 Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)......................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 Fingerprint Scanner Circuit Setup ................................................................................ 51
5.2.3 28BYJ – 48 Stepper Motor Circuit Setup..................................................................... 53
5.2.4 MQ-3 and Fingerprint Scanner combined a with stepper motor.................................. 55
5.2.5 Database Design ........................................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM TESTING.............................................................................................. 58
6.1 Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) Testing .................................................................................. 58
6.1.1 A Breath content with no alcohol................................................................................. 58
6.1.2 A Breath content with alcohol...................................................................................... 59
6.2 Fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) Testing ........................................................................ 60
6.2.1 Fingerprint Enrolling and storing in the database ........................................................ 60
6.2.2 Fingerprint searching and verification the identity from the database ......................... 60
6.3. Combined System with, Fingerprint Scanner, Alcohol gas sensor and stepper motor ...... 61
6.3.1 Test of student in the database with no alcohol breath sample .................................... 61
6.3.2 Test of student in the database with alcohol breath sample ......................................... 62
6.3.3 Test of student not in the database................................................................................ 63
6.4 The Prototype Display unit ................................................................................................. 63
6.5 Discussion of Results .......................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE................................................ 66
7.1 System Operation................................................................................................................ 66
7.2 Maintenance ........................................................................................................................ 67

NUUMBALA SAKARIA vi
CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ................................................ 68
8.1 Positive Impacts .................................................................................................................. 68
8.2 Negative Impacts................................................................................................................. 69
8.3 Economic Impact................................................................................................................. 69
8.4 Health Analysis ................................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK SUGGESTION.................................. 71
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 73
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 76
APPENDIX A (SOURCE CODES) ........................................................................................... 76
APPENDIX B (PROTOTYPE DESIGN BOX) .......................................................................... 93
APPENDIX C (INTERVIEW QUESTIONS) ............................................................................. 94
APPENDIX D (DATABASE TABLES DETAILS)...................................................................... 96
APPENDIX E (STUDENT SELF - ASSESSMENT) .................................................................. 97

NUUMBALA SAKARIA vii
List of Figures
Figure 1: Category of minutia Fingerprint Features [8]................................................................. 9
Figure 2: Description of Fingerprint patterns ............................................................................... 10
Figure 3: A typical biometric feature extraction and matching process [11] ............................... 11
Figure 4: The fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) pin numbering [15]......................................... 15
Figure 5: The structure and configuration of an Alcohol analyser (MQ-3) [19]......................... 17
Figure 6: The interface of employee enrolment............................................................................ 21
Figure 7: An interface for access group given by City Police ...................................................... 21
Figure 8: An interface for fingerprint capturing at enrolment used by City of Windhoek........... 22
Figure 9: The project execution flow chart................................................................................... 23
Figure 10: Fingerprint Scanner used by City of Windhoek for enrolment and access................. 25
Figure 11: The database for City of Windhoek which store identity of employees ..................... 25
Figure 12: The Project Block Diagram......................................................................................... 26
Figure 13: The project operational flow chart .............................................................................. 28
Figure 14: Arduino Uno-R3 board................................................................................................ 31
Figure 15: Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3............................................................................. 33
Figure 16: Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)....................................................................................... 34
Figure 17: Fingerprint Scanner -5 V TTL (GT-511C1R)............................................................ 36
Figure 18: LCD (16 character by 2 line) view from the front and its pin diagram....................... 37
Figure 19: LCD Block Diagram .................................................................................................. 37
Figure 20: Arduino Wi-Fi shield................................................................................................... 38
Figure 21: 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor 4 Phase 5 V (Unipolar) ...................................................... 39
Figure 22: Pin diagram of ULN 2003A (Darlington transistor) .................................................. 40
Figure 23: Alcohol and fingerprint access control system architecture...................................... 43
Figure 24: The model of Alcohol Gas Analyser in Proteus using a variable Resistor ................ 45
Figure 25: The model of fingerprint scanner using a virtual terminal.......................................... 46
Figure 26: Screen of a Virtual Terminal...................................................................................... 46
Figure 27: The model of alcohol Analyser and fingerprint access control.................................. 47
Figure 28: The cross-section view of MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor with a heating system.............. 48
Figure 29: The connection of MQ-3 on a bread broad ................................................................ 50
Figure 30: The circuit connection of MQ-3 with a buzzer as connected on a bread board......... 50
Figure 31: The circuit connection of the fingerprint scanner [25]................................................ 51
Figure 32: The circuit connection for Rx voltage divider............................................................. 52
Figure 33: The connection of a fingerprint scanner 5 V – TTL (GT-511C1R)............................ 53
Figure 34: The circuit connection of a stepper motor (28BYJ – 48) [26] .................................... 54
Figure 35: The Stepper Motor tested on the bread board ............................................................. 55
Figure 36: Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control, system connection on a bread board ......... 55
Figure 37: Creating tables in the database .................................................................................... 56
Figure 38: Table with student’s information in the database........................................................ 56
Figure 39: Verifying student details with assigned verified ID from the database. ..................... 57

NUUMBALA SAKARIA viii
Figure 40: MQ-3 Results with no alcohol content from the breath sample.................................. 58
Figure 41: MQ-3 Results with alcohol content from the breath sample....................................... 59
Figure 42: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after enrolling the fingerprints in the database............. 60
Figure 43: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying ID stored in the database ...................... 61
Figure 44: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying the fingerprint and test the breath with no
alcohol........................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 45: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying the fingerprint and test the breath with
alcohol........................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 46: Snapshot of a Serial monitor with a fingerprint which was not stored in the database63
Figure 47: Snapshot of LCD after testing the prototype with no alcohol in a breath sample....... 63
Figure 48: Snapshot of LCD after testing the prototype with alcohol in a breath sample............ 64

NUUMBALA SAKARIA ix
List of Tables
Table 1 : Biometric Technology ................................................................................................... 13
Table 2: The project time management planning ......................................................................... 29
Table 3: The project cost management ......................................................................................... 30
Table 4: Arduino uno- R3 specification........................................................................................ 32
Table 5: Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 specification .......................................................... 33
Table 6: Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) specification ..................................................................... 35
Table 7: Fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) specification ........................................................... 36
Table 8: Alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) specification........................................... 38
Table 9: Arduino Wi-Fi shield specification ................................................................................ 39
Table 10: 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor Unipolar specification......................................................... 40
Table 11: ULN 2003A Specification ............................................................................................ 41
Table 12: Oracle 10g Database Hardware requirements .............................................................. 42
Table 13: Switching sequence of a 4 phase stepper motor ........................................................... 54

NUUMBALA SAKARIA x
Acronyms and Symbols
AC Alternating Current
ADC Analog- to- Digital Converter
AREF Analog Voltage References
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ATmega Atmel megaAVR series.
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
BAC Blood Alcohol Concentration
BIID Breath Ignition Interlock Device
CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-semiconductor
DC Direct Current
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
DNS Domain Name System
Dpi Dots per inch
DSP Digital signal processing
DUI Driving Under the Influence
DWI Driving While Intoxicated
E Enable
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
FAR False Acceptance Rate
FRR False Rejection Rate
GB Gigabyte
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
I/O Input/ Output
IC Integrated Circuits
ICSP In Circuit Serial Programming
ID Identification Document
IOREF Input/output Voltage Reference
IP Internet Protocol

NUUMBALA SAKARIA xi
IR Infra-Red
KB Kilobyte
kΩ Kilo Ohms
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
mA Miliamperes
Mb Megabits
Mbps Megabits per second
Mg/L Milligram per litre
PC Personal Computer
PON Polytechnic of Namibia
PSK Pre- Shared Key
PWM Pulses width Modulation
R/W Read/Write
RAM Random Access Memory
RDIF Radio Frequency Identify Device
RS Register Select
SD Secure Digital
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
TTL Transistor–transistor logic
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
UDP User Datagram Protocol/ Universal Datagram Protocol
USB Universal Serial Bus
V Volts
WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy
WPA Wifi Protected Access
Ω Ohm

NUUMBALA SAKARIA xii
Definitions
Wi-Fi: a system for connecting electronic equipment such as computers and electronic organizers
to the internet without using wires.
Wi-Fi Shield: allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet using the Wi-Fi library and to
read and write an SD card using the SD library.
Interrupt: is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that
needs immediate. Interrupts are divided into hardware and Software.
MQ-3: This is the module Number, for the alcohol sensor
Arduino uno: is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328, with 14 digital input and
output pins, of which 6 can be PWM outputs.
ULN2003: is a high voltage, high current Darlington array containing seven open collector
Darlington pairs with common emitters. These chips allow you to drive high current loads like
relays and motors which require more power than a microcontroller can supply or sink.
Vcc: refer to IC power supply.
Tx: refer to a Transmitter terminal
Rx: refer to Receiver terminal
GND: Ground terminal
TTL: is not a protocol. It's an older technology for digital logic, but the name is often used to refer
to the 5 V supply voltage.
UART: is one of the most used serial protocols that use a single data line for transmitting and one
for receiving data.
AVR: is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontroller, which use on-
chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or
EEPROM.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
One noticed universal problem at Polytechnic of Namibia (PON) is the use of alcohol by students
during working hours and over weekends. Parents send their children at University, Colleges and
Technical institutions with the aim to further their studies. However majorities end up on the wrong
trail due to peer pressure. The abuse of alcohol is a major issue in many countries and it can have
a serious impact on individuals, families and communities, as well as on an organization where
people work. Furthermore, the abuse of alcohol pose a challenge to student’s academic
performance, which then affects their academic progress.
The PON does not allow entry of alcohol on campus. Inebriated students and staff members are
not allowed at the PON. Due to the factor that security guard cannot stand on every entrance of
the PON with a breath analyser to check each student and staff if he/she has drunk or not and verify
the identity of every person, this will waste more time and require skilful manpower. According
to Mr Calicious Nawa assistant bursar: auxiliary services as well as chief of campus controller at
PON indicated that control of alcohol on campus can only be measured at the entrance, but this
method is not efficient, since students can bring in alcohol in their vehicle, through the fence and
drunk students can enter free without being suspected of alcohol. PON use breath analyser to test
students and staff if suspected drunk. A proof of being under the influence of alcohol will be
determined by using a breath analyser, and the maximum limit is 0, 08 ml of alcohol per 100 ml
of blood [1].
The design of this project efficiently implement a system for alcohol detection from the student’s
breath sample, which is estimated to blood alcohol content (BAC) and make use of fingerprint as
an access control. One can test alcohol consumed by individual using a breath analyser or the
breath alcohol tester. The breath alcohol tester is an electronic device that is used to measure and
test the blood alcohol content in a person’s blood stream [2]. The breath analyser will examine the
breath of a student through an alcohol sensor, checks its alcohol content and display its output on
the LCD. The use of breath alcohol test is useful to limit students from using alcohol, although this
system design cannot fully avoid students from using alcohol, especial commuters.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 2
In existing method, upon registration the PON issues a student card to each student on which the
student’s registration number and photo appear [3]. This student card are used as an access control
to allow right of entry to any of the facility on campus. According to the Polytechnic of Namibia
rules and regulations, students are required to carry their student cards at all times and may be
asked to show it by any authorised staff member of the Polytechnic or its contractors. Students
may be denied access to buildings, classrooms and or services should they be unable to show a
valid student card on demand [3]. By this method, student card can be stolen easily and unable to
prevent someone from using it for other reasons. This method has crucial weakness; students are
not allowed to enter on campus if student card is lost, stolen or forgotten home.
The implementation of fingerprint as an access control can overcome this shortcoming. Fingerprint
biometric technologies are used in a variety of applications including electronic door locks, smart
cards, vehicle ignition control systems, USB sticks with fingerprint controlled access, and many
others [4]. Digital signal processing elements in fingerprint scanners perform complex DSP
functions such as filters, transforms, feature extraction, matching operations and other algorithms.
The use of fingerprint is vital due to its biometric system.
The standard terminology meaning of biometrics is defined as a measurable biological or
behavioural characteristic which reliably distinguishes one person from another, used to recognize
the identity, or verify the claimed identity, of an enrolee [5]. Among the features measured are
face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting or signature recognition, iris, retinal, vein, and
voice. In this project students will be recognizing based on their fingerprint. Fingerprint
identification has been considered as one of the most popular and reliable personal biometric
identification methods. The reason can be considered that fingerprint can achieve the best balance
among authentication performance, cost, size of device, and ease of use. However, most
of fingerprint authentication devices have some problems to be solved. One is that captured
images are easily affected by the condition of finger surface and it can degrade authentication
performance and this include, dirty fingers, dirty scanner, orientation, pressure etc.
The fingerprints of students are stored in the database, so that the moment a finger would be swiped
on a scanner, a check would be carried out with the existing database for a match. Once a student
pass all the authentication a stepper motor will rotate, then a revolving door will granted access. If
any of the authentication process fails, access will be denied and the revolving door will not rotate.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 3
In case of malfunction of the system, immediately the system is shut down then the student card
verification process is applied to grant access while the problem is rectified. One push button will
be installed at the gate, connected to a buzzer in a control room not far from the system, in case if
the system cannot grant access to a student while all results are good, or if any of the equipment is
not working properly. In case of power failure, system will have a backup power supply. Security
cameras that are usually used are of important to monitor illegal activities at the entrance.
1.2 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this project is to design a system that perceives students that are coming on campus
under the influence of alcohol. The system deny access, to people that are not registered at the
PON and also to inebriated registered students. The system reduces vandalism of the campus
properties, preserve order and avoid theft on campus. Alcohol analyser and fingerprint scanner are
the authentication tools, together with a stepper motor which is used as the gears to grant access.
Alcohol and fingerprint access control system will replace the traditional method of right of entry
currently used at the PON. The use of student card is inaccurate, since cards are not properly
checked and a lot of human errors are involved. The hardware components such as alcohol analyser
(MQ-3), Stepper motor, fingerprint scanner (GT-511C1R), buzzer and other electronics
components were integrated with Arduino uno microcontroller on the Arduino board to
demonstrate the operation of the system. Arduino and Proteus were the software components used
in this project, while the hardware was designed using Arduino mega.
1.3 Scope and limitations
This project merely design and develop a prototype of alcohol and fingerprint access control, to
solve the issues of having inebriated students at institutions of high learning in Namibia. The major
limitation of the project was the level of complexity of modelling the software design, where by
some of the components used were not available in Proteus. Another factor limited the project was
the unavailability of components locally.
On top of that some literature review retrieved clearly stated other application of this technology,
such as ignition switch system for cars. Design project similar to this one are expected to be
mirrored in all institutions of higher learning in Namibia in the near future.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 4
This project is divided into 3 major operational sections which includes: Alcohol testing,
Fingerprint scanning and verification of fingerprints in the database, rotation of a revolving door
by a stepper motor. The design will be able to:
 Capture fingerprints of students upon registration, and store fingerprints in the database.
 Read fingerprint, being scanned and be able to identify and match with those in the
database.
 The system is able to measure blood alcohol content from the student’s breath sample.
 System can grant access to students whose alcohol level is below maximum limit, and
student’s fingerprint match with the fingerprint stored in the database.
 Deny access to unauthorized people whose fingerprints are not stored in the database and
to inebriated registered students, hence avoid theft, disruption of lectures and vandalism of
campus properties.
1.4 Aims and Objectives
The project aims to design and develop a prototype that can be used at the entrance of the
institutions of higher learning, to measure/test blood alcohol content from student’s breath and
make use of fingerprint technology as an access control. The project eliminates the entry of
inebriated students and denies access to unauthorized people.
The primarily objectives of the project are:
1) To design and construct a prototype for alcohol and fingerprint access control system.
2) To deny access to inebriated students on campus by testing their alcohol consumption
level, when the level exceeds the maximum limit of 0.08 mg/L of alcohol per blood.
3) To avoid unauthorized entry, hence prevent vandalism of campus properties and theft.
4) The long-term objective of the project is to maintain order on campus, by avoiding
inebriated students to disturb others and lectures.
1.5 Problem Statement
Problem 1
It has been observed that students tend to use alcohol outside and inside the campus during working
hours and over the weekends. This drives a situation whereby students tend to write their test,

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 5
examination or even attend lectures under the influence of alcohol. Based on the existing system
currently used at the PON, entrance into the campus or to any of the facilities around the campus
requires students to show their student cards for verification. This system proved to be inaccurate,
favouritism and inefficient. Students find it difficult to enter on campus or to get access to any of
the facilities when they have lost or forgotten their cards at home. This prompts some of the
students to use other student’s card to access those facilities.
Problem 2
In most cases, campus controller reported vandalism of campus properties (e.g. window glass
broken, doors, chairs, tables, projector, smart boards etc). Lectures are disrupted by misconduct
and unethical behaviours of students under the influence of alcohol.
To mitigate the problems stated above, this project design a system that will test students on
alcohol by using a breathalyzer (MQ-3) alcohol gas sensor and make use of fingerprint technology
as an access control to avoid the use of students card. The system denies access to inebriated
students to avoid vandalism of campus properties and disruption of lectures. The system also
avoids unauthorized entry to prevent theft in the campus.
1.6 Project Methodology
The department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Polytechnic of Namibia instructed
students to select topics of their choice for a final year project. The first part of the investigation
was the project identification, literature review and project proposal writing. The next stage was
to carry out the software design and simulations using Arduino and Proteus. The software design
based on the simulations was to demonstrate how the hardware is going to be design. Simulations
were necessary to validate the concepts discussed in the abstract and introduction. A conclusion
was drawn from the simulation and operation of the prototype designed.
The following process was followed in order to achieve the objectives of the project:
Literature review:
 A survey of the literature review on Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control System was
done.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 6
Development:
 The development of the hardware design.
Simulations and programming:
 The simulations and programming were implemented by means of Proteus and Arduino.
Design:
 A hardware prototype was designed.
Evaluation:
 The system was evaluated based on Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
Conclusion
 Conclusions based on the design and problem experienced were drawn.
Future work improvements
 Recommendations are made regarding any prospects future work improvement on the
design and the problem being accomplished.
1.7 Significance of the Project
The rationale of the project is therefore to design a system that test students for alcohol and make
use of fingerprint technology as an access control. This design is useful for the PON and other
institutions of higher learning in Namibia. It was hypothesised that students at the institution of
higher learning use alcohol during working hours and over the weekends. As a consequence they
take no responsibility for their academic effort including attending lectures and writing
examinations or tests under the influence of alcohol. This phenomenon could be the cause of
various problems such as vandalism of campus properties and distraction of lectures. The use of
fingerprint as an access control benefit the security on campus, since unauthorized entry is
forbidden, hence reduces theft. In addition to that, the system is intentionally designed to deny
access to inebriated students on campus.
1.8 Project Assumptions
Some assumptions were taken to successfully complete this project and produce a desire prototype
that solve the issue of having inebriated students and unauthorized people on campus.
Therefore, the following assumptions were considered:

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 7
 The system is to be installed at more than one entrance of the campus, to allow quick
access to a large number of students at a time.
 System is having a backup power supply, in case of power failure.
 The alcohol gas sensor is turned on for 24 -48 hours “Break in period” to heat up before
the readings become stable.
 Most of the lecturers and staff have cars, they use car entrance and only few uses the
system, but all staffs and lecturers fingerprints are stored in the database, upon
employment.
 Students are only enrolled once in their first years and fingerprints are deleted once
they graduate to allow more space in the database.
 Revolving door is a one person entry, to avoid favouritism of students by others.
 System is design to operate 24 hours in a day.
1.9 Report Outline
The following describe how this project report is outlined:
Chapter 1: Introduction
The first to appear is the introduction. This chapter gives a background of the project, purposes of
the project, objectives, problem statement, project methodology and significance of the study.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
This section presents an overview of the technological analysis and the concept of related work
based on alcohol breath analyser and fingerprint technology. Furthermore, concepts that are used
to alleviate the problem are stated. Previous design and research have been studied to gain an
understanding of the preceding project.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Illustrate approaches employed to demonstrate steps used to make this project possible. In addition
the chapter present a description of the research process and explanation of the methods used to
gather data. Time management, cost that was required to get the hardware, functional block
diagram and execution flow chart are also part of this division.
Chapter 4: System Specification
Stipulate the specifications of all hardware components used.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 8
Chapter 5: System Design
Demonstrate the design process that was used to set up the alcohol and fingerprint access control
system prototype. The system design is divided into two sections, the software and hardware
design
Chapter 6: System Testing
Present modelling the outcome and the test results of the design. Comparison is made of previous
design from the literature review, with alcohol and fingerprint access control.
Chapter 7: System Operation and Maintenance
Present the fully operation of the entire design, and how will the system be maintained during its
operation.
Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Impacts
Present positive and negative impacts of the designed system to the environment and the lender.
Chapter 9: Conclusions
Based on the operation, conclusions are drawn in order to make sense of the system designed.
Chapter 10: Future Work Suggestion
Finally, chapter 10 offers recommendation to improve future work to solve problem of student
using alcohol at institution of higher learning in Namibia.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter contains a review of the literature based on alcohol testing and fingerprint technology.
It emphasised on fingerprint technology and the advantage of using biometric system. The
technological review of hardware used in this project and related work on alcohol and fingerprint
access control system are discussed.
2.1 Fingerprint
2.1.1 Definition of fingerprint
As the term implies fingerprint is the print or impression made by our fingers because of the
patterns of ridges and valley lines formed on the skin of our palms and fingers since birth [6]. As
we grow, the marks get prominent but the patterns remain unchanged. This is why fingerprints are
heavily considered to be one of the biometric systems because of the uniqueness, reliability and
permanent. The standard terminology of biometrics system is defined as the measure of biological
or behavioural characteristics, which reliably distinguishes one person from another to recognize
the identity or verify the claimed identity of an enrolee [5].
The most prominent local ridge characteristic is called minutiae, which are ridge ending and the
bifurcation [7]. Minutia are considered to be the abnormalities in ridge and furrows. The most
consider types of minutia are termination, bifurcation, bridge and lip rounding. Bifurcation
includes points on the ridge where branching occurs and termination refers to the ending of a ridge.
Below are some of the categories of minutia features depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Category of minutia Fingerprint Features [8]

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 10
Fingerprint technology verifies the identity of a student since everyone has unique patterns. The
three basic patterns of fingerprint ridges are the arch, loop, and whorl. The arches are the ridges
enter from one side of the finger, rise in the centre forming an arc, and then exit the other side of
the finger. The loop ridges enter from one side of a finger, form a curve, and then exit on that
same side. The whorl ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger.
Until recently fingerprint systems have predominantly been used in forensic applications for
investigating criminals. Nowadays fingerprint is used for many purpose especially in
authentication application such as electronic door lock, vehicle ignition control system, USB stick,
PC logon and so on. The major approach for fingerprint recognition today is to extract minutiae
from a fingerprint images and perform fingerprint matching based on the number of corresponding
minutiae pairings [9].
2.1.2 Fingerprint recognition and verification
Fingerprints are extracted using a fingerprint scanner or module. Before enrolment fingerprint are
captured without any information about the identity of the enrolee. In this project, student’s
fingerprints will be enrolled up on registration where each print is assigned with the student
number and name to specify the identity of the enrolee. The captured fingerprints will be stored in
the database and the transfer of the fingerprints from the scanner to the database can be carried out
wirelessly using Arduino Wi-Fi shield [6]. Figure 2 below show some of the features/ pattern found
on the fingerprint.
Figure 2: Description of Fingerprint patterns
When recognising a fingerprint, first it needs to be identified before verified. Identification occurs
when a fingerprint is captured on a scanner then sent to the database for verification or match.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 11
Match only happen if the fingerprint is on the database. The identity will be matched using a
fingerprint scanner that has a sensor which identifies the student number currently being
photographed. When the student put a finger on the reader or the fingerprint module the LED will
emit an IR rays, then the haemoglobin in a student blood absorb the rays. Camera below the
fingerprint reader will capture the image appeared and send the signal to the microcontroller
(ATmega 328) if matched.
The match occurs due to the pattern of furrows and ridges on the surface of a fingerprint. Human
beings do not have exactly the same arrangement of patterns and patterns of any individuals remain
the same throughout life [10]. The accuracy of the fingerprint recognition depends on the image
quality, image improvement methods, feature normal extraction and feature set pre‐processing.
Figure 3 shown below supported the recognition and verification process. First the fingerprint
image is captured by a sensor in a scanner or a reader which is usually placed at the door. The
fingerprint image is passed to the recognition software for pre-processing such as segmentation
mask, thinning and binerization. Minutiae extraction is done to create template of prints to be
compared to those in the database. The template is used to determine or verify the identity of the
student (Student name and student number) and formulate the process of authentication if a match
is true, since the match can either be true or false.
Figure 3: A typical biometric feature extraction and matching process [11]

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 12
2.2 Advantage of using biometric system
The use of biometric system in the past decade has given a significant solution to business owner
who are now empowered to circumvent issues like manual badge checks, undocumented access
and ID swapping [12]. Biometric technologies include, facial recognition, voice recognition, DNA,
signature recognition, retinal recognition, fingerprint, iris recognition, hand geometry etc.
The advantage of the biometrics system is that the information is unique for each individual and
it can identify the individual in spite of variations in the time, it does not matter if the first biometric
sample was taken year ago. It offers high level of identification management security operation
due to its accuracy, user friendly, convenient and scalable. According to Raju, biometric system is
the most convenient security way out, because there will be no need to carry extra badges
documents, ID cards, remember password etc, since password can be forgotten, and cards can be
lost.
In terms of security biometric system cannot be stolen or predicted, thus they are used for high
security reasons, since the tokens can be lost or stolen and password sequence can easily be
predicted. Biometrics are considered to be the most accurate identification process, features cannot
be duplicated only authorized person get access thus this can achieve a high level of accuracy. In
terms of accountability biometrics can creates a clear, definable audit trail of transactions which
cannot be duplicated also.
Fingerprint identification has a number of advantages which make it a popular method of
identification in settings ranging from police stations to secured facilities. If the sample
fingerprints match fingerprints in the database, it is considered a positive match. It is important to
note that many identification systems which use fingerprints go for a statistically significant match
only rather than matching the whole fingerprint. This make fingerprint to be considered as the
most high accuracy biometric system because of its standard, easy to use, require a small storage
space for the biometric template and reduce size of the database memory etc.
Fingerprint is studied to be one of the most developed biometric and the most economical
biometric PC user authentication technique. Numerous developments in the field of biometric have
been successful for years, due to the fact that biometrics are more reliable and low priced. The
different biometrics technologies are compared in Table 1 below.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 13
The table of different biometric technology, classified according to their accuracy and cost
Table 1 : Biometric Technology
Biometric
Technology
Devices required Accuracy Cost Social
acceptability
Fingerprint Fingerprint Scanner High Medium Medium
Facial recognition Camera Medium -Low Medium High
Signature
recognition
Touch panel and
optic pen
Low Medium High
Iris recognition Camera High High Medium -
Low
Voice recognition Microphone,
telephone
Medium Medium High
Hand geometry Scanner Medium -Low Low High
Retinal scan Camera High High Low
DNA Test equipment High High Low
2.3 Polytechnic of Namibia’s policy on student alcohol consumption on campus
Alcohol use at the PON is not allowed. Mr Calicious Nawa assistant bursar: auxiliary services as
well as chief of campus controller at PON has stated that, the vandalism of campus properties,
misconduct and theft on campus, occur mostly by unauthorized entry and inebriated students,
owing to unfavourable institution [13]. It has also been reported that students have been suspended
from institute of high learning in Namibia due to alcohol abuse. To accomplish suspension of
students, alcohol use during working hours and over weekends by students should be kept at
minimum. This is achieved by giving restriction to those students that tries to come on campus
under the influence of liquors.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 14
According to the PON yearbook of General Information and Regulations 2015, under student
disciplinary regulations, subtitle definition misconduct, rule 2.4 stated that “ Is on any Polytechnic
premises whilst under the influence of liquor or drugs (dependence-producing drugs), or without
written permission from the Rector or authorised representative, brings alcoholic beverages or
drugs onto the premises of the Polytechnic, consumes them or has them in their possession or
serves or consumes alcoholic beverages or drugs on campus during a gathering of a student
association or student body of the Polytechnic or during Polytechnic journeys, educational tours,
camps, and assignments is not allowed [1]’’ As a consequence a proof of being “under the
influence of alcohol” will be determined by the use of an appropriate breath analyser, and the
maximum limit is 0,08 ml of alcohol per 100 ml blood. Refusal to undergo such a breath analyser
test or blood sampling as well as refusing to be searched properly by the appropriate authorities is
serious offences [1].
The designed system will absolutely guarantee the identity of a student and test for the alcohol.
Mr Nawa supported the design, saying that it is crucial especially at events such as cultural festival,
evening shows and other events hosted by the PON, even though the institution is planning to
make use of Radio Frequency Identify Device (RFID) card in the near future. This method of RFID
card is not new, it has been used by different university such as; University of Pretoria, University
of the Western Cape and University of Port Elizabeth says Nawa [13].
2.4 Technology Review
Fingerprint Module (GT-511C1R)
A fingerprint scanner is a device that read or scans the marks on a finger of a person, identify the
prints and grant access if the fingerprint matches the stored sample in the database. The fingerprint
module (GT-511C1R) is stand-along base fingerprint identification module used to read the finger
print images. It enrolled new fingers and can store 20 different fingerprints on the Flash Memory.
Modem fingerprint scanners can detect many properties about the finger in addition to acquiring
the fingerprint itself. These properties allow the fingerprint scanner to determine whether the finger
being scanned is a living finger and can be used to ensure that a valid user is physically present for
the system to operate [14].The benefit of GT-511C1R identify module has an optical area sensor
which has two basic requirements which is to enrol fingerprints by extracting the features of a
student and assigning each print with a student’s number, student name and course enrolled.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 15
Figure 4 below illustrates the pin numbers of the GT-511C1R fingerprint scanner
Figure 4: The fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) pin numbering [15]
The pin numbers 1,2,3,4 represent the following;
1. UART Transmit (3.3 V) – This pin transmits a logic high of up to a maximum of 3.3 V.
2. UART Receive (3.3 V) – This pin can receive a logic high level of up to 3.3 V. The voltage
level sent to this pin from a microcontroller always needs to be reduced when working with
5 V Microntroller.
3. GND – This is a common ground (GND) or 0 V pin of the fingerprint scanner (FPS)
module.
4. Vin (5 V) – This is a 5 V input pin of the FPS module used to power.
A female 4 pin connector on a FPS is connected to a 4 wire JST SH jumper cable to interface the
FPS module to a microcontroller. Poor quality prints can be a direct result of the conditions that
the prints were acquired in. Some of these conditions such as dirty fingers, dirty scanner,
orientation, pressure, dry finger and others affect the performance of fingerprint scanner.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 16
Alcohol Analyser (MQ-3)
This is a device that is used to test for alcohol, by estimating the Blood Alcohol Concentration
(BAC) from the breath sample. Robert Frank Borkenstein, born in Fort Wayne in India, was the
first inventor of a breathalyzer in 1954 while he was a captain of Indiana State Police [16]. The
invention provided law enforcement with a non-offensive test which provides immediate results
to determine a person breath alcohol concentration at that instant time. The breath analyser can
estimate the BAC indirectly, by measuring the breath alcohol concentration close to a BAC. The
amount of alcohol exhaled into the air is proportional to the amount of alcohol which will be found
in a student’s blood. The more ethanol in the blood, the more there is in the air exhalation and this
gives a good indication how a student is drunk.
In this project Alcohol Sensor MQ-3 is used to test the alcohol level of students. Alcohol sensor
MQ-3 is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration just like in a common breathalyzer. It has a
high sensitivity to ethanol in alcohol, long life, low cost with a simple drive circuit, small
sensitivity to benzene and fast response time. MQ-3 has a detection concentration range of
0.05mg/L-10mg/L of Alcohol. According to the Namibian law of drink and drive, the legal limit
is 0.37 milligrams per 1000 millilitres of breath, for a breathalyzer [17]. For different countries,
the level of alcohol in the blood that defines a person as over the limit for driving varies. The range
ranges from 0.01 to 0.10. Most countries have a limit of about 0.05. Greece, Greenland, and Iceland
all have limits of 0.05. Canada has a higher limit set at 0.08. In the United States, it is also 0.08.
This means that if the alcometer reading measures above this, the person can receive a driving
under the influence (DUI) of alcohol fine, or driving while intoxicated (DWI) fine. Wearing
dentures, has had dental work done, denture cleaner trapped in the mouth will give false results in
a high positive alcohol analyser readings. Figure 5 (a) below shows the configuration diagram of
MQ-3 gas sensor. The alcohol gas sensor basically has 6 pins, but only four (4) of them are used
and two (2) of them are for heating system, which are the H pins.
The 4 pins A and B are for connecting power and ground. The sensor has a little tube made of
aluminium oxide and tin dioxide. Inside the tube there is a heater coils which produce the heat, for
a sensor to take accurate measurements, that’s why it is recommended for a sensor to heat up for
24-48 hours, which is known as the “break in period” before the readings become stable [18].

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 17
Figure 5: The structure and configuration of an Alcohol analyser (MQ-3) [19]
There is a heater inside the MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor which is basically power directly form +5 V
of Arduino board and the heater draws about 150 mA of current. The resistance across an (a) and
(b) pins varies depending on how much alcohol is in the breath. The voltage level at the point
between the sensor and the load resistor is measured instead of measuring the resistance directly.
The sensor and load resistor form a voltage divider, and the lower the sensor resistance, the higher
the voltage reading will be. An Arduino analog input pin is a good way to measure the voltage and
gives us a reading between 0 and 1023 V. Higher values mean more alcohol. A fixed resistor for
the load-resistor is used in most cases. The Vout is connected to an analog input of the Arduino.
As shown in Figure 5 (b), in order to connect the sensor, first connect one of the H pin to +5 V
supply using an external power supply for the Arduino and the other H one to Ground. For the
Pin B one can be connect to ground and other pin B can be connect to the 10 kΩ potentiometer
as illustrated above. In the same pin where pin A is connected, connect a wire to the Analog/Digital
Converter (ADC) in Arduino, where alcohol information is going to be read.
Stepper Motor
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete
mechanical movement. Stepper motors are subdivided into three categories such as Hybrid,
Permanent-magnet and Variable-reluctance stepper motors. The shaft of a stepper motor rotates
in a discrete step increment when electrical command is applied to it in a proper sequence .Stepper

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 18
motor has multiple coils that are organized in groups known as phases. These phases are the one
get energizing to rotate the motor one step at a time. A source code for Arduino in a computer is
used to control stepping rotation to achieve very precise positioning. This is why, stepper motors
are the motor of high-quality for many precision motion control applications.
Direct Current (DC) brushed motors rotate continuously when DC voltage is applied to their
terminals. The stepper motor is known by its important property to convert a train of input pulses
into accurately clear raise in the shaft position. The benefit of using stepper motor is that, the motor
has full torque at standstill, it has excellent response and can move in all direction, clockwise and
anti-clockwise.
2.5 Related work
Similar tools of alcohol testing and fingerprint technology has been used before in different area
as far as this system is concern. PON can benefit by having this system put into operation.
Vandalism of campus properties is a huge loss to the institution and will require more money to
renovate the damage. Therefore alcohol and fingerprint access control system is essential for the
PON.
A Fingerprint Based Ignition Systems in Vehicles.
Description
This system use fingerprints for vehicle ignition, as opposed to the conventional method of using
keys. The system is divided into the following modules: fingerprint analysis software module that
accepts fingerprints images; hardware interface module and the ignition system module. The
fingerprint recognition software enables fingerprints of valid users of the vehicle to be enrolled in
a database. Before any user can ignite the vehicle, his/her fingerprint image is matched
against the fingerprints in the database while users with no match in the database are
prevented from igniting the vehicle. Control for the ignition system of the vehicle is
achieved by sending appropriate signals to the parallel port of the computer and subsequently
to the interface control circuit [20].
The first two wires of ignition system were connected to the first relay, and the third wire was
connected to the second relay. This was done to simulate the action of bridging two of the wires
together when the first relay is activated. Activating the second relay for a short time causes a

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 19
temporary connection between the two relays. This connects all three wires together, thus igniting
the vehicle. A similar system of ignition system was also implemented, but this one uses a
breathalyser to test the alcohol concentration of a driver. In this project, a breath alcohol detector
which controls the ignition switch using microcontroller was developed.
Instead of just indicating and displaying the BAC percentage, the tester was programmed to
control the ignition switch, as well as an alarm and a number LEDs [2]. A breath alcohol Ignition
Interlock Device (BIID or IID) is installed in a vehicle's dashboard, then driver must first breath
into the device, but if blood alcohol concentration is detected above limit the vehicle will not ignite.
Authenticated Access Control for Vehicle Ignition System by Smart card and Fingerprint
technology.
Description
This project uses smart card and fingerprint technology to give authentication for vehicle ignition
system. The system consists of a smart card capable of storing the fingerprint of particular person.
While issuing the license, the specific person’s fingerprint is to be stored in the card. Vehicles such
as cars should have a card reader capable of reading the particular license. The same automobile
should have the facility of fingerprint reader device.
A person, who wishes to drive the vehicle, should insert the smart card in the vehicle and
then swipe his /her finger. If the fingerprint matches with the fingerprint stored in the smart card
then it goes for alcohol detection and seatbelt checking. After passing all authentications, the
vehicle will be ignited [21].
Locker opening and closing system using RFID, fingerprint, password and Global System
for Mobile communications (GSM).
Description
This project designed and implemented a locker with high security system based on RFID,
fingerprint, password and GSM technology which can be organized in bank, secured offices and
homes. This design ensures that only authentic person can be able to recover money from the
locker. This project implemented a locker security system containing door locking system which
can activate, authenticate, and validate the user and unlock the door in real time for locker

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 20
secure access. In this system the RFID reader reads the ID number from passive tag and sends it
to the microcontroller, if the ID number is valid then only it gives the access to the fingerprint
scanner otherwise it stops the process, if the fingerprint is matched then microcontroller sends the
password to the authenticated person mobile number then the authenticated person enters the
both passwords in the keyboard which was already given by the user and received from the
microcontroller. If these two passwords are matched then the locker will be opened otherwise the
microcontroller sends the warning message to the authenticated person mobile number and it will
be remain in locked position, This system is more secure than other systems because two
passwords are required for verification [22].
City of Windhoek on Fingerprint Access Control
City of Windhoek is one of the groups using the technology of fingerprint as an access control in
Windhoek. City of Windhoek have installed fingerprint scanner in most of its building, especially
with those of high security access such as the office of the Major. According Mr Jonas Ashipala
(City Police officer), reasoned that the migration for City of Windhoek from RFID card to the use
of fingerprint as a safe access control technology, was due its reliability, easy to use and permanent
[23]. He added that the use of RFID card have many disadvantage, such as card can be lost or
stolen, hence it was found unsafe to use. Ashipala stated that, employees are enrolled according to
their name, description and the division they work for.
Figure 6 illustrates the interface taken from one of the computer in a control room for the City
Police showing initial enrolment. On the left are some of the links that allows fingerprint capturing,
access group and relationships.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 21
Figure 6: The interface of employee enrolment
Mr Ashipala stated that, City Police control different buildings in the city, this includes
Municipality offices, City Police offices and many others. To grant access to this facilities, during
enrolment employees are given access to these build according to their job description. Figure 7
shown below depict an interface with some of the buildings controlled by City Police.
Figure 7: An interface for access group given by City Police

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 22
Figure 8 below depict an interface for fingerprint capturing during enrolment process. To confirm
the true identity of a person, three (3) fingerprints are captured for the left and right index. The
results are stored in the database.
Figure 8: An interface for fingerprint capturing at enrolment used by City of Windhoek

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 23
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describe the methodologies used to design a system to solve one of the solution used
to reduce problem of theft, alcohol practice on campus and unauthorized entry.
3.1 Project Execution Methodology
During this section, methods of a data collection and analysis are stipulated. The project was
carried out in stages for effective completion. Each stage was executed according to time allocated
on a time management table of the project. Figure 9 below illustrate the project execution flow
chart:
Figure 9: The project execution flow chart

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 24
3.2 Analysis and theories
The project begins with, framework, literature review and proposal writing. Literature review was
done to view the feasibility study of the project and get wind of more on what other designers have
done into comparable topics and other research areas. Programming on Arduino (using C and java)
was the main backbone language of this project. ATmega 328 microcontroller on the Arduino
board is the main heart of Arduino uno, which guide the operation of different devices. Proteus
was used as simulation tool to model software design. This was done to formulate the code that is
used to program the hardware components.
In order to understand the project very well, the author visited the office of the City Police who
are responsible for enrolling and maintaining the fingerprint module used by City of Windhoek
(Municipality building and City Police Head Office). The author official visit the City Police head
office to make an appointment with a senior officer and superintendent assistant Mr Shililifa. The
author had an interview with Mr Jonas Ashipala (City Police Officer), who presented to him some
technical part of the control access. The interview was very crucial to find out more information
on the current use of fingerprint technology in Namibia. The discussions basically focus much on
the design part, considering the efficiency of the system, how fingerprints are stored in the
database, and way of communication between the fingerprint modules and the database.
Mr Ashipala showed the author, some of the fingerprint scanner used for enrolment and those used
at the entrance to allow access. He also stipulated much on problems encounter, such as network
failure which might bring problem to a fingerprint scanner not to read the fingerprint of employees.
He further specified that, in case of power failure city of Windhoek have installed some backup
power, which last for few minutes.
A magnetic lock is use as the locking tool which only opens if the authentication required is
correct. The database communicate with a fingerprint module via a secured network to verify and
match the identification of an employee when access the buildings.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 25
Figure 10 below illustrate some of the fingerprint scanner used by City of Windhoek for enrolment
and reading the fingerprint to allow right of entry.
Figure 10: Fingerprint Scanner used by City of Windhoek for enrolment and access
A demonstration on fingerprint capturing during enrolment was done by Mr Ashipala and the
author was given a chance to do the enrolment and his name and the description was stored in the
database, for demonstration purpose. An interface of the database after a student was enrolled is
shown in Figure 11 below.
Figure 11: The database for City of Windhoek which store identity of employees

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 26
The interview also looks at other organization currently in Windhoek which is using the same
technology. The whole overview of the visit gave the author a perception of how the design of this
project is important and consider few problems encountered when using the same technology.
The author also had an interview with Mr Calicious Nawa assistant bursar: auxiliary services as
well as chief of campus controller at PON. Interview aimed to get an insight of how the PON deal
with the practice of alcohol on campus and how is the use of students card benefit the institution
in terms of security. The interview also looked at how crucial is the new system on alcohol and
fingerprint as an access control. The author also interview Mr Nawa on the future plan of the PON,
on how to maximize the security on campus.
3.3 Functional Block Diagram
The block diagram in Figure 12 below illustrates how the project was implemented and the various
components that form part of it. The system has three major units, Alcohol Analyser, Fingerprint
scanner and database.
Figure 12: The Project Block Diagram

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 27
3.3.1 Block Diagram Description
The function block diagram in Figure 12 above contains a power supply, which supply power to
the Arduino board. The power supplied to the Arduino board is used by the fingerprint scanner,
MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor, LCD, buzzer, Wi-Fi shield and push button. Fingerprint Scanner is
necessary to enrol the fingerprint of students and verify the scanned fingerprint with the identity
(ID) of those stored in the database. Alcohol gas sensor is used to test student’s alcohol level from
their breath sample and estimate the BAC which is displayed on the LCD. If the BAC exceeds the
maximum limit of 0.08mg/L of alcohol per blood, student is declared drunk and right of entry will
be denied. The buzzer will give a sound to alert security guard that the student is drunk. The push
button is required to call for help if any of the system is not functioning properly.
Stepper motor is used to grant access by moving or rotate the revolving door one revolution per
person. LCD displays the information of what is required of the student and results obtain to allow
or deny access. The fingerprints obtain during registration are assigned with fingerprint ID which
are stored in the database, together with the student’s details (First name, Last name, Student
number and Course enrolled ). If the fingerprint scanned has an ID match and the BAC is below
maximum limit of 0.08 mg/L of alcohol per blood, then access is granted.
3.3.2 Function of Components
a) (MQ-3) Alcohol gas Sensor – test students on alcohol through their breath sample which
is estimated into BAC.
b) Fingerprint scanner (GT -511C1R) – enrol students upon registration and verify the ID of
fingerprints when student use the system by scanning their fingerprint.
c) Push button – call for help in case of malfunction of the system.
d) Power Supply – supply power to the Arduino board and other components such as stepper
motor, LCD, fingerprint Scanner, MQ-3 etc.
e) Stepper Motor – Rotate one revolution after all authentication results from alcohol test and
fingerprint scanner are met.
f) Wi-Fi Shield – connect the fingerprint scanner wirelessly to the database on the web server
g) LEDs – green LED light if access is granted and red LED light if access is denied.
h) Microcontroller – Arduino was used as the brain of the system that stores the source code.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 28
3.4 Operational Flow Chart
Figure 13 below illustrate a flow chart for the operation of the system. This sequential order was
done to give the student a picture of what was required for this project. This system is designed in
such a way that, first a student would be required to scan his/her fingerprint on a fingerprint scanner
(GT-511C1R), the fingerprints will then be verified for a matches with those stored in the database.
If a match is found, author will further be required to use a breathalyser for alcohol test. MQ-3
alcohol gas sensor will then process the student’s breath sample, if alcohol limit is below average
and student is in the database, the stepper motor will be activated and access is granted, otherwise
access is denied.
Figure 13: The project operational flow chart

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 29
3.5 Project Time Line
This project was schedule for four (4) months, which is estimated to 16 weeks, but the commencing
of this project was late, therefore on 14 weeks was given to complete the design, but due to
components ordered arrived late. Therefore this delay the completion of the project on time
schedule. Given below is the table for project time management planning:
Table 2: The project time management planning

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 30
3.6 Project Cost
Table 3 below shows the calculated cost of all components of this project. Due to the fact that
some of the components required in this project were not locally available, this increases the cost,
in terms of labour and delivery.
Table 3: The project cost management
Hardware Quantity Cost Shop
Alcohol Gas Sensor ( MQ-3) 2 R 64.91 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South
Africa
AZL Stepper Motor 4 Phase (5 V) 1 R 84.21 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South
Africa
Basic LCD (16×2) character 1 R 240.00 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South
Africa
SPF Fingerprint Scanner
(GT511C1R)
1 R 485.00 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South
Africa
AZL Arduino Wi-Fi Shield (RN171) 1 - Communica (Pty) Ltd, South
Africa
ULN2003A (High-current Darlington
Transistor)
1 N$ 2.00 PON, store Lab
SPF Fingerprint Jumper 4W Cable 2 R 21.05 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South
Africa
Other Costs N$ 900
Metal Plate 2 N$ 30 PON, store Lab
Estimated Total Amount for this
Project
N$ 1913.13

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 31
CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS
4.1 Technical Specification
This chapter outline the description and specifications of all components (Hardware and software)
used during this project. Most of these specifications are taken from their data sheet respectively.
The section also includes the architecture of the system that was design.
Arduino Uno-R3 Board
Description
The Arduino Uno-R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. Arduino Uno has 14
digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as Pulses width Modulation (PWM) outputs and
6 as analog inputs. Arduino Uno R3 also has SDA (Serial Data) and SCL (Serial Clock line) pins
which is placed next to the analog references voltage (AREF), since Arduino comes with a 10 bit
ADC Analog-Digital-Converter (ADC).This ADC converts incoming voltages between 0 V and 5
V. Arduino can be connected to a PC through a USB port, to allow the communication between
the source code and the device. Simply a USB cable with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery is
connected to a computer to power the board. Figure 14 below shows the Arduino uno R3 board
with some annotated of its interfaces.
Figure 14: Arduino Uno-R3 board

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 32
Specifications
Table 4 below highlights the specifications of the Arduino uno –R3
Table 4: Arduino uno- R3 specification
Features Specification Features Specification
Microcontroller ATmega328 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide
PWM output)
Operating Voltage 5 V Analog Input
Pins
6
DC Current for 3.3V
Pin
50 mA DC Current per
I/O Pin
40 mA
Input Voltage (limits) (6-20 )V Input Voltage (7-12) V
(Recommended)
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB
used by bootloader
Clock Speed 16 MHz
EEPROM 2 KB SRAM 1 KB
Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3
Description
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. This
microcontroller has 54 digital input/output pins of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs 16
analog inputs, 4 UARTs for hardware serial ports, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection,
a power jack, an in circuit serial programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with Alternating Current (AC)-to-Direct Current (DC) adapter or battery to get
started. The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the ATmega16U2 and it is programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter. The Mega2560 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the Input/output Reference Voltage (IOREF) that

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 33
allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. Figure 15 below illustrate the
Arduino Mega 2560 board.
Figure 15: Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3
Specifications
Table 5 below highlights the specifications of the Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3
Table 5: Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 specification
Microcontroller ATmega2560 Digital I/O Pins 54
Operating Voltage 5 V Analog Input
Pins
16
DC Current for 3.3V
Pin
50 mA DC Current per
I/O Pin
40 mA
Input Voltage (limits) (6 -20) V Input Voltage (7 – 12) V
EEPROM 4 KB SRAM 8 KB
Flash Memory 256 KB Clock Speed 16 MHz
After conducting more research, the availability of resources and compatibility issues, Arduino
Uno R3 and Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 were selected as the microcontroller to be used
for the project. Arduino Uno is small enough in size yet still able to handle the calculations and

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 34
logic needed with ease, the Uno proved to be a simple and reliable piece of hardware to code for.
Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 was selected because it has many pins, it can accommodate
more connections at a time. Arduino Mega was used to put together the entire system of system.
Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)
Description
Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) is a breath analyser gas sensing detector, which sense the presence of
alcohol gas in the air at concentrations from 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L of alcohol and outputs its
reading as an analog voltage. MQ-3 has a high sensitivity to alcohol specifically ethanol
(CH3CH2OH as a molecular formula and C2H6O, as the empirical formula). MQ-3 is small
sensitivity to benzene, fast response time and low cost with simple drive circuit. Figure 16 below
illustrate a complete MQ-3 sensor circuit with four (4) pins for connection.
Figure 16: Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)
The 4 pins are:
1. + 5 V
2. Dout
3. Aout
4. GND
Pin 1 and 4 are used to create power for the alcohol sensor. Dout is the digital output pin, while
Aout is the analog output. The Aout terminal gives out an analog voltage in proportion to the
amount of alcohol detected by a sensor. The more alcohol detected by a sensor, the more output
analog voltage by Aout terminal and vice versa. The analog voltage is set to a certain maximum
limit, known as the threshold value which indicates that the person is under the influence of alcohol
if exceeded.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 35
Specifications
Table 6 below draw out the specification of the MQ-3 Alcohol Gas Sensor
Table 6: Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) specification
Operating Voltage 5 V Storage
Temperature
-20 ˚C to 70 ˚C
Operation
Temperature
-10 to 70 ˚C Detection
concentration scope
0.05mg/L -10mg/L of
alcohol
Heater consumption Less than 750 mW Heating Voltage 5 V  0.1
Sensing Resistance 1 MΩ - 8 MΩ Load Resistance 200 kΩ
Related Humidity Less than 95 % Rh Heater resistance 33Ω  5%
Fingerprint Scanner- 5 V Transistor to Transistor Logic, TTL (GT-511C1R)
Description
Fingerprint scanner (GT-511C1R) uses UART serial protocol and is used for fingerprint
enrollment and scanning. This device has one chip with a fingerprint algorithm and an ultra-thin
optical area sensor that capture the image of the fingerprint during scanning and can store
maximum of number 20 fingerprints in its flash memory (32-bit CPU). This device is considered
due to its high-accuracy and high- speed fingerprint identification technology.
GT-511C1R module uses 1:1 verification and 1: N identification technology. This device is
connected using an on board SPF FINGERPRINT JUMPER 4WIRES CABLE, JST-SH which has
four terminals:
1. +5 V power supply (Vcc),
2. ground (GND),
3. Receiver (Rx)
4. Transmitter (Tx).
The fingerprint scanner Rx can only accept 3.3 V, but Arduino supply 5 V, therefore a voltage
divider on Rx is required. Figure 17 below depict the fingerprint scanner used during this project.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 36
Figure 17: Fingerprint Scanner -5 V TTL (GT-511C1R)
The specification of the Fingerprint scanner-5 V TTL (GT-511C1R) are clarified in Table 7 below:
Specifications
Table 7: Fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) specification
Operating Voltage 3.3 – 6 V (DC) Resolution 450 dpi
Operating Current < 130 mA Identification time < 1.5 sec (20 Fingerprints)
Type of sensor Optical Sensor Enrollment time < 3 sec (3 Fingerprints)
Number of fingerprint 20 Fingerprints Size of Template 506 Bytes (template)
Image Size 216 × 240 Pixels Matching Mode 1:1,1:N
Communication
interface
UART & USB Effective area of the
sensor
14 × 12.5 mm
False Acceptance Rate
(FAR)
< 0.001 % False Rejection Rate
(FRR)
< 0.1 %
Operating
Temperature
-20 ˚C to 60 ˚C Operating Humidity 20 % to 80 %
Alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
A 16x2 LCD consists of two parallel plates between which the space is filled with liquid crystals.
Once the voltage is applied, the back plate transfer charge toward the front plate which is opaque
and display the text on the screen. This LCD is used in this project to display information from a
fingerprint scanner and also information from an alcohol gas sensor whether a student is drunk or

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 37
not drunk. This device can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines depicted in
Figure 18.
In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data. The command register send the command instructions given to the LCD such
as shift commands, LCD clear, setting the cursor position, controlling display, write data to RAM,
function set etc. While Data register stores data to be displayed on the LCD.
Figure 18: LCD (16 character by 2 line) view from the front and its pin diagram
The block diagram in below show particular 16 pins of the LCD display such as voltage supply
(Vss), ground (VDD), Register Select (RS), Read/Write (R/W), Enable (E), 8-bit data lines (DB0-
DB7), backlight Vss (Led +), backlight ground (Led -) etc.
RS, select command register when low and data register when high. R/W write to the register when
low and read from the register when high. Enable send data to data pins when a high to a low pulse
is given. Figure 19 below shows the block diagram of the LCD.
Figure 19: LCD Block Diagram

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 38
Specifications
The table below indicate some of the specification for an alphanumerical LCD unit, which is used
in this project.
Table 8: Alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) specification
Display Format 16 x 2 Characters Display Mode Transflective
Interface 8-bit parallel interface Dot pitch 0.60 x 0.70 mm
Ground light White LED Driving Scheme 1/16 Duty Cycle
Power supply voltage 5.0 V (DC) Dot size 0.56 x 0.66 mm
Operation
Temperature
-20 ℃ to + 70 ℃ Display Type Alphanumerical
View area Dimensions 66.0 x 16.0 mm Character
Dimension
2.96 x 5.46 mm
Active Area 56.2 x 11.5 mm Module Dimension 80.0 x 36.0 x 13.2 mm
Arduino Wi-Fi Shield (RN171 Shield)
Descriptions
The Wi-Fi shield can connect to wireless networks which operate according to the 802.11b and
802.11g specifications. The Wi-Fi shield allows the wireless communication between the
fingerprint module and the database. Wi-Fi shield utilizes a RN171 wifi module to provide
Arduino with a serial Ethernet’s function and adds storage to Arduino project. RN171 takes SPI
and select pin to access to the SD. Figure 20, presents the Arduino Wi-Fi-shield.
Figure 20: Arduino Wi-Fi shield

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 39
Specifications
Table 9: Arduino Wi-Fi shield specification
Operating voltage 5 V Connect on Arduino SPI port
Compatibility Arduino, Arduino
Mega, Crowduino,
Seeeduino
Encryption types WEP and WPA2
Person
Connection type Wireless via
802.11b/g networks
Wifi Authentication WEP-128, WPA-PSK
(TKIP), WPA2-PSK
(AES)
Support SD card 2 GB and 4 GB Connector 4 Wire jumper Cables
Built in Networking
Application
DHCP client and
DNS client, ARP,
FTP
Host Data Rate 1 Mbps for UART and 2
Mbps SPI slave
28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor (Unipolar Permanent Magnet)
Description
A stepper motor is used to control the revolving door to allow access, after all the authentication
results are met. This stepper motor uses ULN 2003A motor driver and it has 4 phase 5 V. The
stepper motor is used because of its precise increments of movement that allow excellent control
of rotational speed. Stepper motor use direct current and has maximum torque at low speeds, so
they are a good choice for applications requiring low speed with high precision. Figure 21 below
illustrate 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor.
Figure 21: 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor 4 Phase 5 V (Unipolar)

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 40
Specifications
Table 10: 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor Unipolar specification
Rated Voltage 5 V DC Insulated electricity
power
600 VAC/1 mA/1
s
Speed Variation
Ratio
1/64 Insulated resistance >10 MΩ (500 V)
Number of Phase 4 Stride Angle 5.625˚/64
DC Resistance 200 Ω Torque 34.3 mN.m
Idle In-traction
frequency
>600 Hz Idle Out-traction
frequency
1000 Hz
Frequency 100 Hz Speed Variation Ratio 1/64
Rise in Temperature <40 K (120 Hz) Noise <35 dB
Friction Torque 600 – 1200 gf.cm Pull in Torque 300 gf.cm
ULN 2003 A (High Voltage and High-Current) Darlington Transistor
Description
The ULN 2003A is a high current, high voltage Darlington transistor, which consist of seven NPN
Darlington pairs that features high-voltage outputs with common- cathode clamp diode for
switching inductive loads.
Figure 22: Pin diagram of ULN 2003A (Darlington transistor)
1B
1
1C
16
2B
2
2C
15
3B
3
3C
14
4B
4
4C
13
5B
5
5C
12
6B
6
6C
11
7B
7
7C
10
COM
9
U1
ULN2003A

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 41
Specifications
Table 11: ULN 2003A Specification
Input Voltage 5 V Load Voltage 50 V
Operating Voltage 3.3 V Input Voltage
Maximum
30 V
Input Compatibility 5 V TTL CMOS Operating
Temperature Range
-20 ℃ to +85 ℃
Output Current 500 mA per Darlington
pair
Number of Darlington
Pairs
7
Collector to Emitter
Voltage
50 V Delay Time 250 ns
Storage
Temperature
-55 ℃ to 150 ℃ Continuous Base
Current
25 mA
4.2 Software Specification
a) Arduino IDE – Was used to write the source code and uploaded on the ATmega 328
microcontroller, to guide system operation.
Version : 1.0.5
Operating System : Windows
License Model : Free
b) Proteus – was used as s simulation tool to map out the hardware design.
Version : 7.10
Processor : 1GHz or more
RAM : 256 Mb
Operating system : Windows 2000 or later

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 42
c) Oracle Database 10g Database – created to store student’s enrolled fingerprints,
Identification number, names, student number and course enrolled.
Table 12: Oracle 10g Database Hardware requirements
Requirement Values
Version 2 or 10.2 g
Physical Memory (RAM) 512 MB
Virtual Memory Double the amount of RAM
Processor 550 MHz (Minimum)
System Architecture Intel (x86), AMD64 and Intel
EM64T
Operating system Windows XP Professional,
Windows Server 2003 all editions
Compiler Pro*Cobol (ACUCOBOL-GT)
version 6.2
Network Protocol TCP/IP, TCP/IP with SSL

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 43
4.3 System Architecture
The system architecture in Figure 23 below depicts the overall design of the “Alcohol and
Fingerprint Access Control System”. The fingerprint scanner is used to enrol student upon
registration and to verify the identity of stored fingerprint when student come on campus on daily
basis. Fingerprints are stored in a database on the web server, which can be accessed wirelessly
using a Wi-Fi shield. Alcohol gas sensor test students on alcohol, whereby students will be required
to blow on the gas sensor (MQ-3). The results from the alcohol sensor will be combined with those
from the database and a signal will be sent to the stepper motor of the revolving door to grant
access if student is not drunk or below limit of 0.08 mg/L and student’s fingerprints are in the
database.
Access is denied if student BAC is above limit and student is registered, or when student is sober
and fingerprints are not in the database. Access is also denied if the fingerprints are not in the
database, and person is not drunk, or person is drunk and fingerprints are not in the database
Figure 23: Alcohol and fingerprint access control system architecture

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 44
CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM DESIGN
This chapter present the design of the software and hardware part of the project. Proteus and
Arduino were the main software used during this project. Simulation in proteus was done to study
the behaviours of the system before the hardware design. System software circuitry design and
hardware design are presented in this chapter.
5.1 System Software design
This part of the project demonstrates how the system was simulated in proteus. The author was
able to model alcohol gas analyser using a variable resistor and a virtual terminal as a fingerprint
scanner. The simulation of the two system was combined together to create a complete system of
Alcohol and fingerprint access control model. Stepper motor was used as a gear which gave right
of entry, once all the authentication results meet the access conditions, that student’s name and
student number must be in the code and resistance must be set below limit, then stepper motor
rotate, to grant access. This model was done, since proteus does not have fingerprint scanner and
alcohol (MQ-3) gas sensor as part of its components. Below are the software model simulated in
proteus:
a) Model of an Alcohol Gas Analyser
Figure 24 below show the model of an alcohol Analyser. A variable resistor (POT-HG) in proteus
was used as an alcohol gas sensor. Resistance was varied as compared to a sensor measuring the
alcohol concentration. Since this variable resistor measure the resistance (Analog Value) from 0-
1023, it was converted in percentage in a ratio of 4/1023. The resistor was varied in a ratio of 0.04,
from 0-1 (Digital Value). Setting the variable resistor from 0.00-0.08, this range was considered
as a “Sober range” indicating that alcohol is below limit. Above 0.08 (maximum limit), the system
indicate that student is drunk, indicating that alcohol limit has been exceeded on the LCD and
buzzer make a sound alerting the security that student is under influence of alcohol. The maximum
limit of 0.08 mg/L is chosen based on the limit used by the PON [1].
A red and green LEDs were used in this project, green light when the level set goes below
maximum limit (0.08 mg/L), and red light if level go above 0.08 mg/L, indicating that student is

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 45
drunk. This model was useful to enable author to design the hardware using alcohol gas sensor
(MQ-3).
Figure 24: The model of Alcohol Gas Analyser in Proteus using a variable Resistor
b) Fingerprint Scanner using a Virtual Terminal in Proteus.
The author model a fingerprint scanner in proteus using Virtual Terminal. In this case, student
write his/her surname, initial and student number on a virtual terminal window. The author
program the code to identify the surname, initial and student number (e.g. Nuumbala S
201066262). Characters entered in a virtual terminal window, were compared to those written in
the source code. If character match the LED will light, and LCD display that student is in the
database, otherwise LED remain dim which indicate that student is not in the database. Below is
Figure 25 that shows the model of a fingerprint scanner using a virtual terminal in proteus.
DIGITAL(~PWM)
ANALOGIN
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121
~
~
~
~
~
~
TX
RX PD0/RXD
0
PD1/TXD
1
PD2/INT0
2
PD3/INT1
3
PD4/T0/XCK
4
PD5/T1
5
PD6/AIN0
6
PD7/AIN1
7
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
8
PB1/OC1A
9
PB2/SS/OC1B
10
PB3/MOSI/OC2A
11
PB4/MISO
12
PB5/SCK
13
AREF
PC5/ADC5/SCL
A5
PC4/ADC4/SDA
A4
PC3/ADC3
A3
PC2/ADC2
A2
PC1/ADC1
A1
PC0/ADC0
A0
RESET
ARD1
ARDUINO UNO R3
2%
RV1
1k
D2
LED-GREEN
D3
LED-RED
D7
14
D6
13
D5
12
D4
11
D3
10
D2
9
D1
8
D0
7
E
6
RW
5
RS
4
VSS
1
VDD
2
VEE
3
LCD2
LM044L
4
6
14
13
12
14
13
12
4
11
11
6
R
G
G
R
R2
1k BUZ1
BUZZER
+12
1B
1
1C
16
2B
2
2C
15
3B
3
3C
14
4B
4
4C
13
5B
5
5C
12
6B
6
6C
11
7B
7
7C
10
COM
9
U2
ULN2003A
BZ
BZ
Alcohol Gas Sensor
Display Unit
LEDs
Buzzer

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 46
Figure 25: The model of fingerprint scanner using a virtual terminal
Below is a snapshot of the virtual terminal window illustrated in Figure 26, modelled as a
fingerprint scanner, whereby student’s surname, initial and student number were entered for match.
Once characters entered match, signal is sent to a stepper motor, access is granted provided alcohol
(resistance) is set below maximum limit:
Figure 26: Screen of a Virtual Terminal
DIGITAL(~PWM)
ANALOGIN
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121
~
~
~
~
~
~
TX
RX PD0/RXD
0
PD1/TXD
1
PD2/INT0
2
PD3/INT1
3
PD4/T0/XCK
4
PD5/T1
5
PD6/AIN0
6
PD7/AIN1
7
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
8
PB1/OC1A
9
PB2/SS/OC1B
10
PB3/MOSI/OC2A
11
PB4/MISO
12
PB5/SCK
13
AREF
PC5/ADC5/SCL
A5
PC4/ADC4/SDA
A4
PC3/ADC3
A3
PC2/ADC2
A2
PC1/ADC1
A1
PC0/ADC0
A0
RESET
ARD1
ARDUINO UNO R3
SRCFILE=FINGERPRINT1.ino
D7
14
D6
13
D5
12
D4
11
D3
10
D2
9
D1
8
D0
7
E
6
RW
5
RS
4
VSS
1
VDD
2
VEE
3
LCD2
LM044L
4
6
14
13
12
14
13
12
4
11
11
6
RXD
RTS
TXD
CTS
D2
LED-GREEN

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 47
Figure 27 below illustrate the entire model of alcohol and fingerprint access control simulated in
proteus.
Figure 27: The model of alcohol Analyser and fingerprint access control
The variable resistor and virtual terminal in Figure 27 above were connected as an alcohol gas
sensor and fingerprint scanner. The LCD was used as the display unit to show information that
would require a student to scanner on a fingerprint scanner and use the breathalyser for alcohol
test. Two buzzer were used, one is connected to a push button to request for help in case there is a
malfunction and the other one is connected to an alcohol gas sensor to give a sound if the limit is
exceeded. Stepper motor is used to grant or deny access, depending on the authentication results.
DIGITAL(~PWM)
ANALOGIN
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121
~
~
~
~
~
~
TX
RX PD0/RXD
0
PD1/TXD
1
PD2/INT0
2
PD3/INT1
3
PD4/T0/XCK
4
PD5/T1
5
PD6/AIN0
6
PD7/AIN1
7
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
8
PB1/OC1A
9
PB2/SS/OC1B
10
PB3/MOSI/OC2A
11
PB4/MISO
12
PB5/SCK
13
AREF
PC5/ADC5/SCL
A5
PC4/ADC4/SDA
A4
PC3/ADC3
A3
PC2/ADC2
A2
PC1/ADC1
A1
PC0/ADC0
A0
RESET
ARD1
ARDUINO UNO R3
1%
RV1
1k
D2
LED-GREEN
D3
LED-RED
D7
14
D6
13
D5
12
D4
11
D3
10
D2
9
D1
8
D0
7
E
6
RW
5
RS
4
VSS
1
VDD
2
VEE
3
LCD2
LM044L
4
6
14
13
12
14
13
12
4
11
11
6
R
G
R2
1k
BUZ1
BUZZER
+12
1B
1
1C
16
2B
2
2C
15
3B
3
3C
14
4B
4
4C
13
5B
5
5C
12
6B
6
6C
11
7B
7
7C
10
COM
9
U2
ULN2003A
BZ
RXD
RTS
TXD
CTS
R111
10k
BT
BT
BUZ12
BUZZER
+12
1B
1
1C
16
2B
2
2C
15
3B
3
3C
14
4B
4
4C
13
5B
5
5C
12
6B
6
6C
11
7B
7
7C
10
COM
9
U21
ULN2003A
BZ2
BZ2
G
R
BZ
VCC
IN1
2
OUT1
3
OUT2
6
OUT3
11
OUT4
14
IN2
7
IN3
10
IN4
15
EN1
1
EN2
9
VS
8
VSS
16
GND GND
U68
L293D
-0.01
9SM
9SM
8SM
8SM
7SM
7SM
6SM
6SM
Display Unit
Push Button
Alcohol Gas Sensor
Fingerprint Scanner
stepper Motor (Revolving Door)
BUZZER
BUZZER

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 48
5.2 System Hardware Design
5.2.1 Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)
The MQ-3 has a tin dioxide (SnO2) gas sensing layer that responds with a drop in resistance to
higher concentrations of alcohol and benzene, but it is also slightly sensitive to other combustion
gases [24]. Figure 28 below illustrate the core system of the MQ-3 sensor, with alumina tube and
the coil of the heating system.
Figure 28: The cross-section view of MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor with a heating system
Once alcohol molecules in the student’s breath meet the electrode that is between alumina and tin
dioxide (SnO2), ethanol is burn into acetic acid then more current is produced. Tin dioxide (SnO2)
is ceramics, but will become semi-conductor to allow the movement of electrons, which allow the
flow of current to heat up the coil. The sensor measures the resistance across pin A and pin B,
which varies depending on the alcohol molecules in the breath. When the student exhales into the
alcohol (MQ-3) gas sensor, the ethanol present in their breath will be oxidized to acetic acid and
the chemical reaction that happen at the anode is written as Equation 1:
     3 2 2 3 2 4 (aq) 4g l l
CH CH oH H O CH CO H H e
     ………………………… (1)
While at the cathode the atmospheric oxygen is reduced into:
2(g) 2 (l)4 (aq) 4e 2O H H O
    ……………………………………………….. (2)
Then the overall oxidation reaction of ethanol to acetic acid and water is written yield to:
3 2 (l) 2(g) 3 (l) 2 (l)CH CH OH O CH COOH H O   …………………………………… (3)

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 49
5.2.1.1 Calibration of the MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor
The alcohol content in a volume of breath or blood is expressed as milligram per litre (mg/L). A 1
% blood alcohol content (BAC) is equivalent to 10g/L or 10000 mg/L. Alternatively 0.1 % BAC
is equivalent to 1000 mg/L. The breath alcohol content which is detected by the breathalyser can
be converted into BAC. According to the ratio used by commercial breathalysers, the breath
content and blood alcohol content differ by a factor of 2100 [18]. This means that, for every
milligram (mg) of alcohol in the breath, there are 2100 mg of alcohol in the blood.
Therefore:
1000
0.47619
2100
mg of alcohol in thRat e br hio eat 
Then the alcohol measured from the breath is converted into BAC as following:
2100
% /
10000
/ 0.21
BAC Breath mg L
Breath mg L
 
  
 
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The MQ-3 sensor detects alcohol molecules which are measured as analog reading (Sensor Value).
The author, program the MQ-3 to convert sensor value into digital values (Alohol_Level) which
are considered as the breath alcohol content. The breath alcohol content or the alcohol level is
further converted into BAC, which is the measurement displayed on the LCD. Below is part of the
source code used when converting analog value into digital values then into BAC.
float sensorValue = analogRead (mq3_Pin);
float Alohol_Level= sensorValue * (1/ 1023.0);
float BAC= (Alohol_Level*0.21);
The author used the same limit which is used by PON to measure the student on alcohol, which is
0.08 mg/L of alcohol. Below this limit student is consider to be sober and access will be granted
to him/her if fingerprint is stored in the database. When the alcohol test is above this limit (0.08
mg/L), student is considered to be drunk and access will be denied completely, even if the
fingerprints are in the database.

FinalGo_ Report ETP 830 S Nuumbala S 201066262 2015 (2)

FinalGo_ Report ETP 830 S Nuumbala S 201066262 2015 (2)

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FinalGo_ Report ETP 830 S Nuumbala S 201066262 2015 (2)