1. Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
2. Objectives Overview
Objectives Overview
Discuss the importance of
project management
project management,
Define system development
Identify the guidelines for feasibility assessment,
and list the system
system development documentation, and data
development phases
g
and information gathering g
techniques
Explain the activities Discuss the purpose of the
Describe the various tools
performed in the planning activities performed in the
used in process modeling
phase analysis phase
analysis phase
See Page 619 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 2
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 12
3. Objectives Overview
Objectives Overview
Recognize the develop
Recognize the develop
Describe the various
D ib h i Explain the activities
E l i h i ii
programs activity is
tools used in object performed in the
part of system
modeling design phase
development
Discuss the purpose of
Discuss the purpose of
Discuss the activities the activities
performed in the performed in the
implementation phase
implementation phase operation, support, and
operation support and
security phase
See Page 619 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 12
4. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
System development is a set of activities
used to build an information system
used to build an information system
An information
system (IS) is a System development
A system is a set of collection of activities are grouped
components that
components that hardware, software,
hardware software into phases, and is
into phases and is
interact to achieve a data, people, and called the system
common goal procedures that work development life
together to produce cycle (SDLC)
quality information
Page 620 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 4
Chapter 12
6. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
• System development should follow three general
g
guidelines:
Group activities or tasks into phases
p p
Involve users
Involve users
Define standards
f d d
Page 621 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 6
Chapter 12
7. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
• System development should involve representatives from each
department in which the proposed system will be used
Page 622 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 7
Figure 12‐2 Chapter 12
8. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
• Project management is the process of planning,
scheduling, and then controlling the activities during
system development
• To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project
leader identifies:
Required
Required Time estimates
Time estimates
Project scope
activities for each activity
Activities that
Cost estimates Order of
can take place at
for each activity
for each activity activities
the same time
h
Page 623 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 8
Chapter 12
9. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
A popular tool
used to plan
used to plan
and schedule
the time
relationships
among project
activities is a
Gantt chart
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click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click Gantt Charts below
Chapter 12
Page 623 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 9
Figure 12‐3a Chapter 12
10. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
A PERT chart
also can be
used for
planning and
scheduling time
scheduling time
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click PERT Charts below
Chapter 12
Page 624 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 10
Figure 12‐3b Chapter 12
11. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
• Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the
p y
development of a system will be to the
organization
Operational Schedule Technical Economic
feasibility feasibility feasibility feasibility
Pages 624 ‐ 625 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 11
Chapter 12
12. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
• Documentation is the collection and
summarization of data and information
– A project notebook contains all documentation for a
single project
single project
• Users and IT professionals refer to existing
documentation when working with and modifying
d i h ki ih d dif i
current systems
Page 625 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 12
Chapter 12
13. What is System Development?
What is System Development?
• During system development, members of the project
team gather data and information using several
techniques
Review
Observe Survey
documentation
Interview
I i JAD Sessions
JAD S i Research
R h
Pages 625 – 626 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 13
Figure 12‐4 Chapter 12
14. Who Initiates a System
Development Project?
l j ?
A user may request a new or modified system
Organizations may want to improve hardware, software, or other
technology
Situations beyond an organization’s control might require a change
Management might mandate a change
A user may request a new or modified information system using a request
for system services or a project request
for system services or a project request
Page 626 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 14
Chapter 12
16. Planning Phase
Planning Phase
• The planning phase for a project begins when the
g p j q
steering committee receives a project request
• Four major activities are performed:
Review and Form a project
Prioritize the Allocate
approve the development
project requests resources
project requests team
Page 628 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 16
Chapter 12
17. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• The analysis phase consists of two major
activities:
Conduct a preliminary Perform detailed
investigation analysis
• Determines and • Study how the current
defines the exact
defines the exact system works
system works
nature of the problem • Determine the users’
or improvement
p wants, needs, and
wants, needs, and
• Interview the user who requirements
submitted the request • Recommend a solution
Pages 629 ‐ 631 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 17
Chapter 12
18. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click Feasibility Study
below Chapter 12
Pages 629 – 630 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 18
Figure 12‐6 Chapter 12
19. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• Process modeling (structured analysis and design) is an
analysis and design technique that describes processes
that transform inputs into outputs
Entity
Entity‐
Data flow
relationship
diagrams
diagrams
Project
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web dictionary
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click Process Modeling
below Chapter 12
Page 631 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 19
Chapter 12
20. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• An entity‐relationship
diagram (ERD) is a tool
that graphically shows
the connections among
entities in a system
• Entities are objects in
the system that have
data
Page 632 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 20
Figure 12‐7 Chapter 12
21. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• A data flow diagram
(DFD) is a tool that
graphically shows the
flow of data in a system
– Data flows
– Processes
– Data stores
– Sources
Page 632 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 21
Figure 12‐8 Chapter 12
22. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• The project dictionary contains all the
p j
documentation and deliverables of a project
• Structured English is a
style of writing that
style of writing that
describes the steps in
a process
Page 633 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 22
Figure 12‐9 Chapter 12
23. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
A decision table is a table that
y
lists a variety of conditions
and the actions that
correspond to each condition
A decision tree also shows
,
conditions and actions, but it
shows them graphically
Page 633 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 23
Chapter 12
24. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
Decision table Decision tree
Page 633 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 24
Figures 12‐10 – 12‐11 Chapter 12
25. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• The data dictionary stores the data item’s name,
p
description, and other details about each data
item
Page 634 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 25
Figure 12‐12 Chapter 12
26. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• Object modeling combines the data with the processes
that act on that data into a single unit, called an object
• UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been adopted as a
standard notation for object modeling and development
– UML includes 13 different diagrams
– Two diagrams include:
g
Use case
Use case
Class diagram
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web
diagram
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click UML
below Chapter 12
Page 634 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 26
Chapter 12
27. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• A use case diagram
graphically shows how
actors (users) interact
with the information
system
• Diagrams are
considered easy to
understand
Page 634 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 27
Figure 12‐13 Chapter 12
28. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• A l
A class diagram
di
graphically shows
classes and subclasses
classes and subclasses
in a system
• Each class can have one
Each class can have one
or more subclasses
• Subclasses use
Subclasses use
inheritance to inherit
methods and attributes
methods and attributes
of higher levels
Page 635 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 28
Figure 12‐14 Chapter 12
29. Analysis Phase
Analysis Phase
• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of
each alternative solution
• The steering committee discusses the system
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
Packaged Custom
Outsourcing
software software
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click Chapter 12, Click Web
navigation,
Link from left navigation
then click Vertical Market
Software below Chapter 12
Pages 635 ‐ 636 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 29
Chapter 12
30. Design Phase
Design Phase
• The design phase consists of two major activities
Develop all of the
Acquire hardware details of the new
and software or modified
information system
Page 638 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 30
Chapter 12
31. Design Phase
Design Phase
• To acquire the necessary hardware and software:
Solicit vendor
Make a decision
• Use research proposals • Various techniques
q
techniques such as are used to
e‐zines • RFQ, RFP, or RFI is determine the best • Systems analyst
sent to potential proposal makes
vendors or VARs recommendation to
steering committee
steering committee
Identify technical Test and evaluate
specifications vendor proposals
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click E-Zines below
Chapter 12
Pages 638 ‐ 640 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 31
Chapter 12
34. Design Phase
Design Phase
• A prototype (proof of concept) is a working model
p p y
of the proposed system
– Prototypes have inadequate or missing documentation
– Users tend to embrace the prototype as a final system
Users tend to embrace the prototype as a final system
– Should not eliminate or replace activities
Pages 641 ‐ 642 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 34
Chapter 12
35. Design Phase
Design Phase
• Computer‐aided software engineering (CASE)
g pp
tools are designed to support one or more
activities of system development
• CASE tools sometimes contain the following tools:
CASE tools sometimes contain the following tools:
Project
Project
Graphics
h Prototyping
repository
Quality Code
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web Housekeeping
Link from left navigation
navigation, assurance generator
g
then click CASE Tools
below Chapter 12
Page 642 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 35
Chapter 12
37. Design Phase
Design Phase
• Many people should review the detailed design
p
specifications
• An inspection is a formal review of any system
development deliverable
development deliverable
– A team examines the deliverables to identify errors
Page 642 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 37
Chapter 12
38. Implementation Phase
Implementation Phase
• The purpose of the implementation phase is to
y
construct the new or modified system and then
deliver it
Install and
Install and Convert to
Convert to
Develop
test the new Train users the new
programs
system system
Page 643 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 38
Chapter 12
40. Implementation Phase
Implementation Phase
• Various tests should be performed on the new
y
system
Integration Acceptance
Unit test Systems test
y
test test
• Verifies that • Verifies that • Verifies that • Checks the
each
each all programs
all programs an
an new system
new system
individual in an application to ensure
program or application works with that it works
object works
object works work
work other
other with actual
with actual
by itself together applications data
properly
Page 644 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 40
Chapter 12
41. Implementation Phase
Implementation Phase
• Training involves showing users exactly how they
will use the new hardware and software in the
system
– One‐on‐one sessions
One‐on‐one sessions
– Classroom‐style lectures
– Web‐based training
Page 644 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 41
Figure 12‐21 Chapter 12
43. Operation, Support, and Security Phase
Operation, Support, and Security Phase
• The purpose of the operation, support, and
security phase is to provide ongoing assistance for
yp p g g
an information system and its users after the
system is implemented
system is implemented
Perform Monitor
Assess system
Assess system
maintenance system
security
activities performance
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navigation,
Link from left navigation
then click Chief Security
Officer below Chapter 12
Pages 645 ‐ 646 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 43
Chapter 12
44. Operation, Support, and Security Phase
Operation, Support, and Security Phase
• A computer security plan should do the following:
For each risk,
Identify all identify the
Identify all
security risks safeguards that
information
that may cause
that may cause exist to detect,
exist to detect
assets of an
an information prevent, and
organization
asset loss recover from a
loss
Page 646 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 44
Chapter 12
46. Summary
System Guidelines for
development
d l t system
t
phases development
Activities
Activities that occur
performed during
during system
during system
each system
development
development phase
p p
Page 647 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 46
Chapter 12
47. Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 12 Complete
