2. WALLS
…………………3
FUNCTION OF WALL …..4-5
BUILDING WALLS ……6-7
BOUNDARY WALL ……8-9
RETAINING WALL …..10-11
PARTITION WALL …..12-13
WALL COVERING…….14-25
WOOD.…….15
MIRROR ..…16
EXPOSED BRICK …….17
TILES…….18
PLASTER…….21
GYPSUM WALL …….22
MOSAIC…..23
GLASS …..24
PAINTS…..25
WALL HANGING…… 30-38
OPENINGS ….. 39BIBLIOGRAPHY….
CONTENTS
“Design is a plan for arranging
elements in such a way as best
to accomplish a particular
purpose”
“For a house to be
successful, the objects in it must
communicate with one
another, respond and balance
one another”
3. WALLS
•A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an
area.
•Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and supports its
superstructure, separates space in buildings into rooms, or protects or
delineates a space in the open air.
•Electrical outlets are usually mounted in
walls.
•There are three principal types
structural walls:
• Building walls,
• Exterior boundary walls, and
• Retaining walls.
of
4. FUNCTIONS OF A WALLS
FUNCTIONS OF A WALL
• Aesthetics: formal walls have smooth
surfaces and are symmetrical in the window
and door placements. They are also more
closed with more of a vertical emphasis.
Informal walls are rough, asymmetrical, and
are more open with a horizontal feel
• Function and Flexibility: why use moveable
walls? They offer flexibility for tenants that
experience change. Moveable walls provide
electrical and data lines (some even offer
plumbing) built into the wall system. The
flooring is installed continuous so that the
walls can be moved and not require the
flooring to be changed.
5. FUNCTIONS OF A WALLS
•Degree of enclosure and privacy: opaque walls mean that you can’t
see thru them. Translucent means that you can see thru the windows.
•Light qualities: Psychology of light. White reflects up to 89% of light
and black reflect about 2%. Texture also plays a role. Smooth surfaces
reflect more light that rough textures.
•Durability: the amount of time and
money needed to maintain the walls must
be considered. This is your responsibility
when specifying a wall treatment to
understand your clients needs.
•Acoustics: smooth, hard surfaces reflect
sound while soft, porous surfaces absorb
sound. Insulate wall cavities when sound
transmission is an issue.
•Thermal qualities: comfort and energy
efficiency.
6. BUILDING WALLS
•Building walls have two main purposes:
•To support roofs and ceilings,
•To divide space, providing security against intrusion and weather.
•Such walls most often have three or more separate components. In today's
construction, a building's wall will usually have the structural elements (such
as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation, and finish elements, or surface
(such as drywall or panelling).
•In addition, the wall may house various types of electrical wiring or
plumbing.
•Building walls frequently become works of art externally and internally, such
as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as
design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect.
8. BOUNDARY WALLS
•Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on
property, and city walls.
•These intergrade into fences; the conventional differentiation is that a fence
is of minimal thickness and often is open in nature, while a wall is usually
more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque.
•More to the point, if an exterior structure is made of wood or wire, it is
generally referred to as a fence, while if it is made of masonry, it is considered
a wall.
•Another kind of wall/fence ambiguity is the ha-ha which is set below ground
level, so as not to interrupt a view yet acting as a barrier to cattle for example.
10. RETAINING WALLS
•In architecture and civil engineering, the term curtain wall refers to the
facade of a building which is not load-bearing but functions as
decoration, finish, front, face, or history preservation.
•Retaining walls are a special type of wall, that may be either external to a
building or part of a building, that serves to provide a barrier to the
movement of earth, stone or water.
•The ground surface on one side of a retaining wall will be noticeably higher
than on the other side.
•A dike is one type of retaining wall, as is a levee, a load-bearing foundation
wall, and a sea wall.
12. PARTITION WALLS
•Partition walls typically have an inner hidden support structure and an
outer surface that in turn may be covered with surface finish exterior
•a) wood strips: it is usually 2”x4”spaced 16” apart and running from
floor to ceiling are the most common
•partition structure in non fire proof construction.
•They provide space for piping ,wiring and ducts.
•Where drain pipes are to be seen within a partition 2”x6” strips are used
•Traditional methods of partitioning a building interior include the use of
masonry walls 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) thick made of concrete, gypsum, or
pumice block, painted or plastered; or wood or metal frames covered with
lath over which plaster is spread.
•Plasterboard and wallboard are increasingly used.
14. WALL COVERINGS
•Wall coverings may be divided into following categories:
Non-Resilient coverings
Plaster.
Wood .
Boards
Moldings
Metal.
Mirrors.
Plastic.
Ceramic Tiles.
Paints and Finishes.
Mosaic.
Resilient Coverings
Wall Carpets.
Rubber Tiles.
Leather Covering.
15. WALL COVERINGS
WHY WOOD?
•boards can be of any wood type cut in various shapes , stained in any
colour and led vertically , horizontally and diagonally.
•a wide variety of wood sheet panels same with thin veneers are also
available with numerous finishes colors and styles are considerably
less expensive.
16. WALL COVERINGS
WHY MIRROR?
•Mirrors can expand an area
visually which is an advantage in
todays diminished spaces.
•Mirrors are available in large
sheet and pre cut panels.
•ready to install and they cover
the entire wall or be spaced on a
wall for function and a double wall
with two separate sets of struts
can impos acoustical isolation
between spaces.
17. WALL COVERINGS
WHY EXPOSED BRICK ?
it was far less expensive to expose the brick in
older homes then it was to repair or replace the
damaged plasterwork. they add character and
rustic charm to any interior and can make any
room looks quite industrial. especially popular they
are in modern lofts and in historical buildings.
18. WALL COVERINGS
WHY TILES?
• light and easy to install.
• cost-effective and
environmentally friendly.
• made from natural clay and
often from other (recycled)
materials.
• durable
• does not necessitate the use
of heavy chemicals.
•Tile, thin slab of glazed or
unglazed
fired
clay
used
structurally or decoratively on
walls.
20. WALL COVERINGS
CERAMIC TILE
•
•
•
COMES IN TWO FORMS: GLAZED
(PORCELAIN) AND UNGLAZED
(QUARRY).
MADE FROM CLAY AND THEN
HEATED. THE GLAZE IS ADDED
AFTER THE FIRING OF THE CLAY
TILE, WHICH CREATES THE
COLOR OF THE TILE.
INEXPENSIVE,DURABLE AND
NATURAL OPTIONS.
MARBLE TILE
•
•
MOST BEAUTIFUL, VERSATILE AND
DURABLE NATURAL STONES.
STRONG
21. WALL COVERINGS
Plaster:
An old technique in which plaster is applied
over the wallboard or concrete block using a
lath. Textures range from smooth to stucco.
This technique is almost a lost trade and is
not used in new homes. It often chips and
cracks as a house settles over the years.
22. WALL COVERINGS
Gypsum Wallboard - Drywall
Gypsum wallboard is the most
commonly used material to cover walls
in interior projects. It has evolved into a
versatile, dependable material that is
quick to install and easy to repair. Made
from a natural crystallized
mineral, wallboard is naturally fire
resistant and can also act as a sound
barrier. Gypsum board of 4’ wide sheets
x 8’, 9’, or 10’ high is attached directly
to the stud walls. The joints are
taped, spackled and sanded so the
seams do not show. Texture may be
applied or various other finish
techniques. Note: Sheetrock is brand
name but used as a generic term.
24. WALL COVERINGS
WHY GLASS?
•
•
•
CLEAR GLASS PARTITIONS PROVIDE
AN INNOVATIVE WAY OF CREATING
SEPARATE WORKING AREAS .
GIVING A MODERN & SPACIOUS
LOOK.
THEY ARE AN INNOVATIVE, MODERN
AND STYLISH ALTERNATIVE TO
TRADITIONAL PARTITIONS.
25. WALL COVERINGS
WHY PAINTS?
•Paints come in numerous colours
producing unlimited shades tones and
tints.
•Paints are made from a vast array of
synthetic and legend materials
•Types of paints:
•Alkyd
•Acrylic
•Latex
•Enamel
•Varnish
•Shellac
26. PAINTS
DESIRED DECORATIVE EFFECT IS
CREATED BY GLAZE. COLOURS OF
OUR CHOICE AND IS INVARIABLY
APPLIED OVER A BASE COLOUR,. THE
COLOUR OF THE GLAZE SHOULD
CONTRAST WELL WITH THE BASE
COAT, SO USE THE SAME COLOUR, BUT
EITHER A SHADE DARKER OR
LIGHTER.
INSTANCE A STIPPLING EFFECT IS
CREATED IN BANDS OF COLOUR –
STARTING FROM THE LIGHTEST
SHADE AT THE TOP AND FINISHING
WITH THE DARKEST SHADE AT THE
BOTTOM.
27. PAINTS
COMBING IS A QUICK AND EASY
TECHNIQUE .DIFFERENT COMBS
CREATE DIFFERENT EFFECTS –
THESE ARE AVAILABLE IN
METAL, CARD OR RUBBER.
MASKING INVOLVES PAINTING IN
BETWEEN THE LINES OF THE TAP.
SIMPLY POSITION THE TAPE ON THE
WALL IN SOFT SWEEPING CURVES.
THIS EFFECT WAS ACHIEVED USING
THREE DIFFERENT SHADES OF BLUE.
28. PAINTS
STAMPING AND BLOCKING
TECHNIQUE.T HE IDEA IS TO PAINT
THE STAMP WITH A SMALL ROLLER
AND THEN SIMPLY POSITION THE
STAMP ONTO THE WALL USING FIRM
PRESSURE SO THAT THE ENTIRE
STAMP HAS MADE CONTACT WITH
THE SURFACE.
RAG-ROLLING TECHNIQUE .USE A
COLOUR GLAZE THAT IS SIMILAR IN
HUE OR TONE TO THE EMULSION
PAINTED ON THE WALL. THE EFFECT
ACHIEVED IS SOFT AND SUBTLE IN
TEXTURE.
30. WALL HANGING
SOME OF THE TYPES OF WALL HANGINGS
PROMINENTLY USED TO DECORATE
INTERIORS ARE
•PAINTINGS
•MURALS
•PHOTOGRAPHS
•CLOCKS
31. WALL HANGING
There are many different types of wall hangings. Some of the more common
are wall art, tapestries and mirrors. Framed photos, sconces, baskets and
vinyl images are other kinds. There are so many different types, styles and
designs of wall hangings that there is one for virtually every style of home
decor.
Tapestry
Macramé
Metal
Mirror
Quilted
Handmade
Fabric
Shelves
40. OPENINGS
Arches:
•
•
AN ARCH MAY BE DEFINED AS
THE MECHANICAL
ARRANGEMENT OF WEDGE
SHAPED BLOCKS OF STONES OR
BRICKS MUTUALLY SUPPORTING
EACH OTHER AND SUPPORTED
AT THE ENDS BY PIERS OR
ABUTMENTS.
BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE THE
BLOCKS SUPPORT EACH OTHER
BY MUTUAL PRESSURE OF THEIR
OWN WEIGHT AND THE
STRUCTURE REMAINS IN
POSITION BY THE RESISTANCE
FROM THE SUPPORT.
