This PPT was presented in 10th National Medical Dental Conference in Seychelles in February 2007. It has been reproduced on 'as is' basis. It was also presented in faculty and students's symposium in a medical school in Seychelles. Presenter is Dr Sanjoy Sanyal, (then) Associate Professor and Masters candidate in Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh / University of Bath

1. Principles of Virtual Reality in Surgical Training and Practice Dr Sanjoy Sanyal MBBS, MS (Surgery), ADPHA, ADHRD Presented at 10 th National Medical Dental Conference in Seychelles, February 2007

4. Classification

5. Augmented reality systems

7. NASA astronaut training in simulated (VR) environment

12. Angled laparoscope training simulator Spatial reasoning is required to focus objective lens in line with narrow cavity.

13. Angled laparoscope training simulator Virtual environment through a Virtual Laparoscopic Interface: All 4 corners of 6 targets have to be viewed in sequence.

14. Angled laparoscope training simulator After viewing all 4 corners of 1 st target, hit a button: Next object comes into view

15. Angled laparoscope training simulator Go through the whole sequence for all targets.

16. Angled laparoscope training simulator

17. Angled laparoscope training simulator

18. Angled laparoscope training simulator Automatic timer records the time taken

19. Virtual cholecystectomy Occluding tissue is dissected

20. Virtual cholecystectomy Lateral traction is placed on gallbladder and cystic duct is clipped

21. Virtual cholecystectomy

22. Virtual cholecystectomy Cystic duct is successfully cut

23. Simulated gynecological surgery Endoscopic Surgery Simulation : Perform surgical tasks on elasto-dynamic objects in virtual surgery scene in real time; grasping , cutting and setting of clips

24. Simulated gynecological surgery Actively Deforming Objects (ADO) concept introduced for modeling organ motility

25. Simulated gynecological surgery © Dr. H. Cakmak, Institut für Angewandte Informatik, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Simulation of pulsatile bleeding, irrigation, suction, animation of coagulation smoke, causing steaming of endoscope lens…

26. Virtual endoscopy

27. Virtual bronchoscopy

28. Virtual colonoscopy

29. Virtual arthroscopy

30. Virtual angiography

31. Augmented reality imaging

32. Augmented reality imaging

33. Augmented reality imaging

34. Augmented reality imaging

35. Visible Human Project – NLM Visible Human Male Database Visible Human Female Database

36. Visible Human Project – NLM

37. Visible Human Project – NLM

38. Virtual scalpel incision Double click on icon to view video of virtual scalpel incision on a simulated knee model

43. Tailpiece