1. District coolingenvironmentally STRATEGIC option Eng. Yaqoub Almatouq Refrigeration Expert Kuwait National Ozone Unit 25 – 26 January 2011 - Kuwait

2. Outline Environmental viewpoint Potential role of district cooling Implementation related concerns 2 District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

3. Outline Environmental viewpoint Potential role of district cooling Implementation related concerns 3 District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

4. Current Environmental Challenges Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Addressed by the Montreal Protocol, 1987 (196 countries) Mandatory phase-out of ODSs (CFCs, HCFCs,… etc.) Global Climate Change Addressed by Kyoto Protocol, 1997 (150 countries) Control greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, SF6, PFC) District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 4 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

5. Montreal Protocol Adjustment District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 5 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

6. Highest HCFC Consuming Parties (above 5,000 MT) District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 6 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

7. Options For HVAC Refrigerants “Natural” Refrigerants Fluorocarbons Non- Ozone Depleters (Kyoto Protocol) Ozone Depleters (Montreal Protocol) Class 1 High ODP CFC’s Class 2 Low ODP HCFC’s Lower GWP Higher GWP R-134a R-410A R-407C R-32 R-152a Propane Butane CO2 Ammonia R-11 R-12 R113 R-500 R-22 R-123 GWP ODP ODP GWP GWP GWP ODP ODP GWP GWP ODP GWP ODP GWP -Toxicity Concerns -Efficiency Concerns -Cost Concerns -ODP Concerns -GWP Concerns - Flammable ODP GWP

8. TEAP 2010 Progress Report The report “scoping study on alternative to HCFCs refrigerant under high ambient temperature conditions” was published by UNEP Technology and economic assessment panel. The TEAP report stated that the current known replacement refrigerants for the HCFC-22 are blends of refrigerants some of which have low critical point temperature, such as R-407C and R-410A. From thermodynamic viewpoint, the capacity and efficiency of the AC decline rapidly as the condensing temperature approaches the critical temperature of the refrigerant. According to TEAP report, R-410A degrades 10% compared to R-22 at 65 C condensing temperature (i.e., approximately 55 C ambient temperature) District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 8 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

9. Capacity Relative to HCFC-22 (% of HCFC-22) District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 9 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

10. Outline Environmental viewpoint Potential role of district cooling Implementation related concerns District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 10 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

11. Why DC is an Option Maturity of the technology Renewable energy can be easily employed (variety of refrigeration cycles, such as VCRC and ARC). Sound technology for utilizing: toxic refrigerants. flammable refrigerants. Higher potential for optimization of: Energy efficiency (e.g., network diversity, chillers operating at optimal conditions, and thermal storage) System performance. (e.g., availability of prompt and large thermal capacity) District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 11 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

12. Outline Environmental viewpoint Potential role of district cooling Implementation related concerns District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 12 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

13. Implementation Related Concerns Cost (initial and running cost) Durability: longevity of district cooling components compared to conventional AC systems. Reliability: capability to provide the required cooling capacity at sever condition. Serviceability: the repair period in case of malfunctions. Expandability: cost of more cooling due to building expansion, and the ease of system (e.g. plant and piping network) capacity improvement. District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 13 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

14. More Concerns Technical support: the professionalism of the DC operators and technicians. Validity of design: sizing, selection, integration of the DC components with the buildings they will serve. Monopoly of DC service. can the end user select/change between different providers of DC. How and who will control the cost of DC service. District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 14 Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

15. “ The only way you can predict the future is to build it “ - Alan Kay Eng. Yaqoub Almatouq almatouq1@hotmail.com 15 District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011