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Carbon and nitrogen cycle
Aim: to explore the carbon and nitrogen cycles
  Objectives
     Describe how energy flows in an ecosystem
     Illustrate the carbon and nitrogen cycles
     Explain how human activity is affecting carbon
      emissions
Carbon and nitrogen cycle
Trophic Levels
 Energy moves from one organisms to another
  when it is eaten

 Each step in this transfer of energy is known as a
  trophic level
   The main trophic levels are producers and consumers
Food Chains
 The energy flow from one trophic level to the other
 is know as a food chain

 A simple food chain shows how energy is
  transferred from the sun through living organisms.

 It involves one organism at each trophic level
   Producers (e.g. plants)
   Primary Consumers
   Secondary Consumers
   Tertiary Consumers
Food Chain
Food Web
 Most animals eat more than JUST one organism


 So in any ecosystem food chains connect to form a
  food web

 Food webs are more complex and involve lots of
  organisms
Food web
           Identify trophic levels
Ecological Pyramid

 At each trophic level energy is used and waste material
  produced

 So there is less energy available for transfer at each
  stage and a food pyramid is formed
Carbon and nitrogen cycle
Carbon cycle
Carbon and nitrogen cycle
Atmospheric
Carbon Dioxide
Atmospheric
                 Carbon Dioxide




Plants use carbon
dioxide to make their
food (photosynthesis)
Atmospheric
                 Carbon Dioxide




Plants use carbon
dioxide to make their
food (photosynthesis)


                        Green plants are
                        eaten by animals
Atmospheric
                  Carbon Dioxide


                                       respiration

Plants use carbon
dioxide to make their
food (photosynthesis)


                         Green plants are
                         eaten by animals
Atmospheric
                 Carbon Dioxide


                                         respiration

Plants use carbon
dioxide to make their
food (photosynthesis)


                           green plants are
                           eaten by animals



           dead remains of plants and
           animals
Atmospheric
                  Carbon Dioxide


                                          respiration

Plants use carbon
dioxide to make their
food (photosynthesis


                            green plants are
                            eaten by animals



            dead remains of plants
            and animals

                                               decay by fungi
                                               and bacteria
Plants use carbon
 Carbon is pulled from the atmosphere by plants and used
 for the process of photosynthesis
   used to make organic molecules (carbohydrate, proteins
    and fats)

• The carbon becomes part of the plant (stored food).
Animals eat plants
 When organisms eat plants, they digest the organic
 compounds and use these products for their own
 purposes.

 All leaving organisms carry out respiration breaking
 down food substances to release energy. This also
 produces carbon dioxide which returns to the
 atmosphere.
 When plants and animals die, most of their bodies are
 decomposed by fungi and bacteria. They break down
 organic compounds via respiration to carbon dioxide
 and carbon atoms are returned to the atmosphere.

 Some are not decomposed fully and end up in deposits
 underground (oil, coal, etc.). Humans burn these fuels
 releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Carbon Cycle Diagram
                   Carbon in Atmosphere



                    Decomposers
                  break down dead                       Plants use carbon
                  things, releasing                       to make food
                      carbon to
                  atmosphere and          Plants and
                         soil             animals die
     Fossil fuels are
                                                           Animals eat
    burned; carbon
                                                         plants and take
      is returned to                 Bodies not             in carbon
       atmosphere                  decomposed —
   Carbon slowly                     after many
released from these              years, become part
 substances returns                 of oil or coal
   to atmosphere                      deposits
Carbon in Oceans
 Additional carbon is stored in the ocean.


 Many animals pull carbon from water to use in
  shells, etc.

 Animals die and carbon substances are
  deposited at the bottom of the ocean.

 Oceans contain earth’s largest store of carbon.
Human Impact
 Fossil fuels release carbon stores very slowly

 Burning anything releases more carbon into
  atmosphere — especially fossil fuels

 Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere increases
  global warming

 Fewer plants mean less CO2 removed from
  atmosphere
Carbon and nitrogen cycle
Greenhouse Gases

 The greenhouse effect is
 causing the Earth to warm up.
                                 This is causing climate
                                 change and melting of
                                 the polar ice caps, this
 It is due to increasing         could lead to flooding.
 amounts of greenhouse
 gases, such as carbon             Burning fuels is a
 dioxide, water vapour and         major cause of this
 methane.                          increase.
 Video
Nitrogen cycle
Carbon and nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen (N2) in atmosphere




                                         Amino acids
                     Assimilation       and proteins in
                                      plants and animals    Nitrogen
                     by plants
                                                            fixation

Denitrifying
 bacteria                                  Detritus
                                                                Nitrogen-fixing
                                                                bacteria in root
          Nitrates                                            nodules of legumes
           (NO3–)
                                          Detritivores
                                                                   Nitrogen-fixing
                                                Decomposition      bacteria in soil
                                                              Nitrogen
                                                              fixation
                                       Ammonium (NH4+)
The largest single source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere.



                            Nitrogen (N2) makes up 79% of
                            our air!
                            But living organisms cannot use
                            this form directly
There are 4 phases in the cycle:
 Nitrogen fixation = NH3/NH4+

 Decay = decomposing organic nitrogen into NH4+

 Nitrification = converting NH4+ to NO2 to NO3

 Denitrification = converting NO3 into N2




    Micro-organisms play an important part in this cycle!
Nitrogen Fixation
• The enormous energy of lightning breaks nitrogen molecules
  apart and enables the nitrogen atoms to combine with
  oxygen forming nitrogen oxides (N2O)

• Nitrogen oxides dissolve in rain, forming nitrates (NO3)

• Nitrates (NO3) are carried to the ground with the rain.


       N
           N   O


                                      (N2O)
                                      (NO3)
Lightning “fixes” Nitrogen!



    N
        N   O
                       Nitrogen combines
                          with Oxygen

                      Nitrogen oxides forms
(N2O)
                         Nitrogen oxides
                        dissolve in rain and
(NO3)                   change to nitrates


                        Plants use nitrates to
                                grow!
Industrial Fixation            NN
                                        H


 Under great pressure, at a    N
                                   H3
 temperature of 600
                                        Industrial Plant combines
 ºC, and with the use of a              nitrogen and hydrogen
 catalyst, atmospheric
 nitrogen (N2) and
 hydrogen are combined                          Ammonia is formed
 to form ammonia (NH3).       (NH3)


 Ammonia can be used as
 a fertiliser.


                              Ammonia is used as a fertilizer in soil
Biological Fixation
 Some bacteria, including Rhizobium, live in the soil or
 within root nodules of legumes (peas, beans and clover)

 These bacteria are anaerobic and use enzymes to convert
 nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium ions (NH4+)

 The plants supply the bacteria with energy and nutrients
 in return of nitrogen fixation (mutualism)
Symbiotic Relationship                    Legume plants

Bacteria
Bacteria live in the roots of
                                N
legume family plants and
provide the plants with
ammonium (NH4) in exchange
                                    NH3
for the plant’s carbon and a
protected home.
                                                          N




                                Roots with nodules
                                where bacteria live
                                Nitrogen changes into
                                ammonium
Decay
   Animals acquire their amino acids when they eat plants.


   When animals and plants die their remains are used as
    food by micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi.

   Decomposers convert the nitrogen back into ammonia
    (NH3)

Decomposers convert organic nitrogen
to ammonia (NH3)                       Ammonia (NH3) is used by
                                       some plants

             Ammonia (NH3) is
             stored in soil.
Nitrification
• Living in the soil are nitrifying bacteria.
• First, Nitrosomonas bacteria combine ammonia with oxygen to
  form nitrites.
• Then another group of nitrifying bacteria, Nitrobacter, convert
  nitrites to nitrates which green plants can absorb and use!
                                      Nitrifying bacteria in soil combine
                                            ammonia with oxygen



                                        Ammonia changes to nitrites



                                      Nitrifying bacteria in soil convert
                         Nitrates            nitrites to nitrates
Ammonia       Nitrites

 (NH3)         (NO2)     (NO3)
                                         Plants absorb nitrates and
                                                   grow!
ATMOSPHERE

                      N2


                                                                                       Amino
                                                                                       acids
             N2                Nitrogen-fixing
                                   bacteria
                                                                                       NH4+


             Soil                                   NH4+                     NO3–
                                                 (ammonium)                (nitrate)
                                                              Nitrifying
                                                              bacteria
                               Ammonifying
                                 bacteria
                    Organic
                    material                                                           Root


                                                                                        Figure 32.13
Denitrification
    Denitrification converts nitrates (NO3) in the soil to
     atmospheric nitrogen (N2) which is returned to the air.

    Denitrifying bacteria live deep in soil and in aquatic
     sediments where conditions make it difficult for them to
     get oxygen


Denitrifying bacteria live   (NO3)       (N2)
deep in soil and use
nitrates as an alternative                      Nitrogen in
to oxygen making a                              atmosphere closes the
byproduct of nitrogen gas.                      nitrogen cycle!
Carbon and nitrogen cycle
Acid Rain
Human activity have doubled
the amount of fixed nitrogen
entering the nitrogen cycle in
just 100 years                      Manufacture and use of
                                    nitrogen
                                    fertilisers, combustion of
 Climate change, acid               fossil fuels and forest
 rain, the acidification of         burning
 soils and loss of soil
 nutrients, and the
 acidification of streams
 and lakes.                      Kills fish, damages trees and
                                             buildings.
                                                            Video

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Carbon and nitrogen cycle

  • 2. Aim: to explore the carbon and nitrogen cycles Objectives  Describe how energy flows in an ecosystem  Illustrate the carbon and nitrogen cycles  Explain how human activity is affecting carbon emissions
  • 4. Trophic Levels  Energy moves from one organisms to another when it is eaten  Each step in this transfer of energy is known as a trophic level  The main trophic levels are producers and consumers
  • 5. Food Chains  The energy flow from one trophic level to the other is know as a food chain  A simple food chain shows how energy is transferred from the sun through living organisms.  It involves one organism at each trophic level  Producers (e.g. plants)  Primary Consumers  Secondary Consumers  Tertiary Consumers
  • 7. Food Web  Most animals eat more than JUST one organism  So in any ecosystem food chains connect to form a food web  Food webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms
  • 8. Food web Identify trophic levels
  • 9. Ecological Pyramid  At each trophic level energy is used and waste material produced  So there is less energy available for transfer at each stage and a food pyramid is formed
  • 14. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Plants use carbon dioxide to make their food (photosynthesis)
  • 15. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Plants use carbon dioxide to make their food (photosynthesis) Green plants are eaten by animals
  • 16. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide respiration Plants use carbon dioxide to make their food (photosynthesis) Green plants are eaten by animals
  • 17. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide respiration Plants use carbon dioxide to make their food (photosynthesis) green plants are eaten by animals dead remains of plants and animals
  • 18. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide respiration Plants use carbon dioxide to make their food (photosynthesis green plants are eaten by animals dead remains of plants and animals decay by fungi and bacteria
  • 19. Plants use carbon  Carbon is pulled from the atmosphere by plants and used for the process of photosynthesis  used to make organic molecules (carbohydrate, proteins and fats) • The carbon becomes part of the plant (stored food).
  • 20. Animals eat plants  When organisms eat plants, they digest the organic compounds and use these products for their own purposes.  All leaving organisms carry out respiration breaking down food substances to release energy. This also produces carbon dioxide which returns to the atmosphere.
  • 21.  When plants and animals die, most of their bodies are decomposed by fungi and bacteria. They break down organic compounds via respiration to carbon dioxide and carbon atoms are returned to the atmosphere.  Some are not decomposed fully and end up in deposits underground (oil, coal, etc.). Humans burn these fuels releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
  • 22. Carbon Cycle Diagram Carbon in Atmosphere Decomposers break down dead Plants use carbon things, releasing to make food carbon to atmosphere and Plants and soil animals die Fossil fuels are Animals eat burned; carbon plants and take is returned to Bodies not in carbon atmosphere decomposed — Carbon slowly after many released from these years, become part substances returns of oil or coal to atmosphere deposits
  • 23. Carbon in Oceans  Additional carbon is stored in the ocean.  Many animals pull carbon from water to use in shells, etc.  Animals die and carbon substances are deposited at the bottom of the ocean.  Oceans contain earth’s largest store of carbon.
  • 24. Human Impact  Fossil fuels release carbon stores very slowly  Burning anything releases more carbon into atmosphere — especially fossil fuels  Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere increases global warming  Fewer plants mean less CO2 removed from atmosphere
  • 26. Greenhouse Gases The greenhouse effect is causing the Earth to warm up. This is causing climate change and melting of the polar ice caps, this It is due to increasing could lead to flooding. amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon Burning fuels is a dioxide, water vapour and major cause of this methane. increase. Video
  • 29. Nitrogen (N2) in atmosphere Amino acids Assimilation and proteins in plants and animals Nitrogen by plants fixation Denitrifying bacteria Detritus Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root Nitrates nodules of legumes (NO3–) Detritivores Nitrogen-fixing Decomposition bacteria in soil Nitrogen fixation Ammonium (NH4+)
  • 30. The largest single source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere. Nitrogen (N2) makes up 79% of our air! But living organisms cannot use this form directly
  • 31. There are 4 phases in the cycle:  Nitrogen fixation = NH3/NH4+  Decay = decomposing organic nitrogen into NH4+  Nitrification = converting NH4+ to NO2 to NO3  Denitrification = converting NO3 into N2 Micro-organisms play an important part in this cycle!
  • 32. Nitrogen Fixation • The enormous energy of lightning breaks nitrogen molecules apart and enables the nitrogen atoms to combine with oxygen forming nitrogen oxides (N2O) • Nitrogen oxides dissolve in rain, forming nitrates (NO3) • Nitrates (NO3) are carried to the ground with the rain. N N O (N2O) (NO3)
  • 33. Lightning “fixes” Nitrogen! N N O Nitrogen combines with Oxygen Nitrogen oxides forms (N2O) Nitrogen oxides dissolve in rain and (NO3) change to nitrates Plants use nitrates to grow!
  • 34. Industrial Fixation NN H Under great pressure, at a N H3 temperature of 600 Industrial Plant combines ºC, and with the use of a nitrogen and hydrogen catalyst, atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen are combined Ammonia is formed to form ammonia (NH3). (NH3) Ammonia can be used as a fertiliser. Ammonia is used as a fertilizer in soil
  • 35. Biological Fixation  Some bacteria, including Rhizobium, live in the soil or within root nodules of legumes (peas, beans and clover)  These bacteria are anaerobic and use enzymes to convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium ions (NH4+)  The plants supply the bacteria with energy and nutrients in return of nitrogen fixation (mutualism)
  • 36. Symbiotic Relationship Legume plants Bacteria Bacteria live in the roots of N legume family plants and provide the plants with ammonium (NH4) in exchange NH3 for the plant’s carbon and a protected home. N Roots with nodules where bacteria live Nitrogen changes into ammonium
  • 37. Decay  Animals acquire their amino acids when they eat plants.  When animals and plants die their remains are used as food by micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi.  Decomposers convert the nitrogen back into ammonia (NH3) Decomposers convert organic nitrogen to ammonia (NH3) Ammonia (NH3) is used by some plants Ammonia (NH3) is stored in soil.
  • 38. Nitrification • Living in the soil are nitrifying bacteria. • First, Nitrosomonas bacteria combine ammonia with oxygen to form nitrites. • Then another group of nitrifying bacteria, Nitrobacter, convert nitrites to nitrates which green plants can absorb and use! Nitrifying bacteria in soil combine ammonia with oxygen Ammonia changes to nitrites Nitrifying bacteria in soil convert Nitrates nitrites to nitrates Ammonia Nitrites (NH3) (NO2) (NO3) Plants absorb nitrates and grow!
  • 39. ATMOSPHERE N2 Amino acids N2 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria NH4+ Soil NH4+ NO3– (ammonium) (nitrate) Nitrifying bacteria Ammonifying bacteria Organic material Root Figure 32.13
  • 40. Denitrification  Denitrification converts nitrates (NO3) in the soil to atmospheric nitrogen (N2) which is returned to the air.  Denitrifying bacteria live deep in soil and in aquatic sediments where conditions make it difficult for them to get oxygen Denitrifying bacteria live (NO3) (N2) deep in soil and use nitrates as an alternative Nitrogen in to oxygen making a atmosphere closes the byproduct of nitrogen gas. nitrogen cycle!
  • 42. Acid Rain Human activity have doubled the amount of fixed nitrogen entering the nitrogen cycle in just 100 years Manufacture and use of nitrogen fertilisers, combustion of Climate change, acid fossil fuels and forest rain, the acidification of burning soils and loss of soil nutrients, and the acidification of streams and lakes. Kills fish, damages trees and buildings. Video