9. Parameters affecting the efficiency Photovoltage Redox potential of the electrolyte Fermi level of the TiO 2 Electron density in the TiO 2 Photocurrent Charge generation and injection from the dye molecule Number of dye molecules Surface Area Porosity Particle size Film thickness Number of electrons collected at the TCO Charge diffusion And collection

13. TTIP Meso-porous film TiO 2 Vapor Nanoparticles Decomposition & oxidation Nucleation, coagulation Flame Stabilized on Rotating Surface ~2100 K 400 K 400 K 0.29±0.03 cm

14. Flame Structure (Ethylene-oxygen-argon,  = 0.4) Computations used the Sandia counterflow flame code and USC Mech II 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Mole Fraction O 2 C 2 H 4 H H 2 CO H 2 O CO 2 Distance from the Nozzle, x (cm) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Stagnation surface T (K) Particle nucleation/ growth region 0 100 200 300 400 500 Axial Velocity v (cm/s) Laminar flame speed Particle nucleation/ growth region

16. To what degree and how can these parameters be controlled in FSRS? Michael Gratzel Electrochemistry Communications 11 (2009) 909–912

21.  = 0 RPM Particle size can be controlled using precursor injection rate and the distributions are similar to the Sol-Gel method Particle Characterization: Diameter Gratzel M., Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 164 (2004) 3-14

30. TiO 2 layer thickness effect Nazeeruddin M. K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115 (14), pp 6382–6390

31. Effect of Crystal Phase Anatase performs better due to more absorption of the dye 1.27 11.2 4a 0.52 11.2 1a Phi TTIP (ml/hr) Flame No.

34. Current status

35. Summary The effect of FSRS fabrication parameters on the particle and film properties The effect of these parameters on DSSC efficiency have been studied In the process of identifying reproducibility issues and removing them Develop a model which directly correlates FSRS parameters and Cell Efficiency Exploring other potentials of FSRS method Example: Multi-Layer architectures Developing a fundamental model of DSSC to help in understanding fundamental parameters Example: Diffusivity