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Barriers to Mission-Critical OSS
Adoption by Organizations: A
Provider Perspective
Dr Placide Poba-Nzaou
Professor
School of Management (ESG)
Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)
poba-nzaou.placide@uqam.ca
Open source Event
Wednesday, June 5, 2013 from 1:00 PM to 7:00 PM (EDT)
Centre Pierre-Péladeau (Salon Orange) 300, boulevard De Maisonneuve Est,
Montréal, Québec H2X 3X6 , Canada
Source
Poba-Nzaou, P. & Uwizeyemungu, S. "Barriers to
Mission-Critical Open Source Software
Adoption by Organizations: A Provider
Perspective". 19th Americas Conference on
Information Systems (AMCIS), Chicago, United
States, August 15-17, 2013, 10 pages
(forthcoming)
Outline
  Introduction
  Research Context
  Method
  Findings and discussion
  Conclusion
ICT
Industry
Software
Industry
OSS
Industry
Increasing
role in the economy of dev. Countries:
10% of GDP
> 50% of economic growth (UNU-MERIT, 2006)
Key element driving ICT sector
Critical for almost every company’ performance
(McKinsey, 2013)
Global trade in IP licences > 900 billions US $/year
= 5% of world trade (Hargreaves, 2011)
Potential to strongly affect: structure, competitiveness,
and performance of ICT industry (Merrill Lynch, 2001)
One of the most important IT trends in the 21st century
(Forrester, 2007)
Contribution to Europe’s economy: 450 billion Euro /year
(Daffara, 2012)
Multiple implications: cultural, economic, societal,
technological, legal, ethical, moral, and political
Introduction
  OSS (http://opensource.org/osd)
  Software that is licensed under an open source
license
  The source code is available to everybody and can
be used, modified and redistributed with or without
condition
  Examples of OSS licenses
  Apache License 2.0
  BSD (Berkeley software distribution license)
  GNU General Public License (GPL)
  MIT license
  Mozilla Public License, etc.
Introduction
  OSS phenomenon has grown beyond
infrastructure software
  It has now reached the domain of mission-critical
software
  Definition of mission-critical software
  “Business applications, excluding email, that would
bring a company to a stop if they were not
running” (IDC, 2009, p. 3)
Introduction
  Examples of mission-critical OSS
  ERP (enterprise resource planning)
  E.g.: OpenERP, ERP5, Compiere, OpenBravo, OfBiz
  CRM (customer relationship management)
  E.g.: SugarCRM, VTiger, CiviCRM
  Electronic Medical or Health Record (EMR, EHR)
  E.g.: OpenEMR, Oscar, Open Vista, OpenEHR,
Cristal-Net
Introduction
  A number of OSS characteristics make OSS
particularly attractive to organizations
  The potential for reducing the total cost of
ownership (Bradbury, 2006)
  No vendor lock-ins (Nagy et al., 2010)
  Use of open standards (opensource.org)
Introduction
  Several governments around the world
  Have set up initiatives or even legislate in favor of
OSS adoption (CSIS, 2010)
  Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Ghana,
Japan, South Africa, The UK, The US, Taiwan, etc.
  A survey conducted in the United Sates,
France, the UK and Germany
  Only 10% of the companies surveyed reported using
OSS for mission-critical applications (IDC, 2009)
Introduction
  We maintain that
  The apparently slow movement of organizations
toward mission-critical OSS
  Has increased both the relevance and importance of
understanding the main barriers or constraints
preventing organizations from adopting these
software applications
  (Drawing on Paré, Wybo and Delannoy, (2009))
Introduction
  We conducted a Delphi survey to answer the
following research question : What are the
barriers that prevent organization from
adopting mission-critical open source
software applications ?
  The study was carried out in two different
countries namely France and Canada
  To lessen socio-economic context bias (Pudelko,
2006)
Introduction
France Canada
General Context
GDPcapita (US$) 42,377 50,345
International Telecommunication Union’s Digital Access Index (ITU-DAI) 0.72 0.78
ICT Development Index (IDI) 18 22
OSS Specific Context
Open source Index Ranks (out of 75 countries)
Activity Rank 1 28
Government Activity Rank 1 34
Industry Activity Rank 25 17
Community Education Activity Rank 3 16
Environment Rank 15 10
Government Environment Rank 18 11
Industry Environment Rank 18 15
Research Context
Sources: UN (2012); ITU (2012); Open Source Index Ranks (2009); HDI (2011); Center for Strategic and International Studies (2010)
Method: Delphi Survey
Phase 1:
Brainstorming
(n=29)
• A brainstorming round was conducted to elicit as many
barriers as possible from the two panels of experts.
Panelists were asked to provide short descriptions of the
barriers in order to aid the researchers consolidate the
responses into a single list
Phase 2:
Narrowing down
(n=29)
• The initial list of barriers was validated by panelists
•  Each expert selected 10 barriers he/she considers most
important
•  Only barriers considered by at least 25% of the experts
were selected for the following phase
Phase 3:
Ranking
(round 1: n=26)
(round 2: n=23)
•  Each panelist rank ordered the final list of barriers
• A mean rank was calculated for each item
•  Degree of consensus was assessed using Kendall’s W
•  Ideally, the process continued until an acceptable level
of agreement was reached
France
(n=18)
Canada
(n=11)
Gender Male 16 (89%) 10 (91%)
Female 2 (11%) 1 (9%)
Age (years) 30-39 2 (11%) -
40-49 6 (33%) 6 (55%)
50-59 3 (17%) 2 (18%)
> 59 1 (5%) 3(27%)
OSS expertise ERP 7 (39%) 6 (55%)
CRM 6 (33%) 8 (73%)
Database software 6 (33%) 5 (45%)
Communication 6 (33%) 10 (91%)
Operating systems 5 (28%) 7 (63%)
Software development 5 (28%) 5 (45%)
Business intelligence 3 (17%) 4 (36%)
Network management 2 (11%) 2 (18%)
Other 6 (33%) -
Average (median) Average (median)
Experience in the IT industry (year) 13 (16) 15 (15)
Experience with OSS (year) 8 (12.5) 9 (9)
Method: Panel Demographics
Findings and discussion
BARRIERS TO MISSION-CRITICAL OSS ADOTION FR QC
ENVIRONMENTAL
External political pressure
Lack of guidelines from public authorities
Disadvantageous tender/procurement processes vis-à-vis OSS Mission-critical
solution
Lack of reliable information about mission-critical OSS products
Lack of homologation by government bodies
ORGANIZATIONAL
Conservative nature of CIOs and CEOs attitudes and practices
Lack of internal IT resources and expertise
Internal political pressure
Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt (FUD) with regard to Mission-Critical OSS service
providers reliability
Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt (FUD) with regard to Mission-Critical OSS product
reliability
Misunderstanding of OSS products and business models
OSSSPECIFIC
Mission-critical open source software product stereotype and prejudice
Lack of responsible third-party engagement
OSS industry and business model stereotype and prejudice
Insufficient market visibility and lack of marketing actions
Complexity of open source ecosystem
5
1
2
3
4
8
6
9
5
7
10
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
Conclusions
  Our overall goal
  to contribute to the effort of identifying barriers that prevent
organization for adopting mission-critical OSS
  In total, 7 out of the 16 most important barriers that we
found were not reported in the literature
  We complement the OSS literature by adding new insights
to the existing body of knowledge dominated by client
perspective alone
Conclusions
  The present study provides managers, consultants and
policy makers with an exhaustive, yet validated set of
mission-critical OSS barriers
  Identifying the barriers is the first, necessary step to overcoming
them
  It demonstrates the influence of socio-economic context
and the maturity of the field on the relative importance of
these barriers
  To conclude, we must recognize the main limitations of our
findings
  Additional Delphi studies must be conducted with OSS experts from
other parts of the world to allow more generalizability of the findings
THANK YOU !THANK YOU !
Dr Placide Poba-Nzaou
Professor
School of Management (ESG)
Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)
poba-nzaou.placide@uqam.ca

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Barriers to Mission Critical Open Source Software Adoption

  • 1. Barriers to Mission-Critical OSS Adoption by Organizations: A Provider Perspective Dr Placide Poba-Nzaou Professor School of Management (ESG) Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) poba-nzaou.placide@uqam.ca Open source Event Wednesday, June 5, 2013 from 1:00 PM to 7:00 PM (EDT) Centre Pierre-Péladeau (Salon Orange) 300, boulevard De Maisonneuve Est, Montréal, Québec H2X 3X6 , Canada
  • 2. Source Poba-Nzaou, P. & Uwizeyemungu, S. "Barriers to Mission-Critical Open Source Software Adoption by Organizations: A Provider Perspective". 19th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Chicago, United States, August 15-17, 2013, 10 pages (forthcoming)
  • 3. Outline   Introduction   Research Context   Method   Findings and discussion   Conclusion
  • 4. ICT Industry Software Industry OSS Industry Increasing role in the economy of dev. Countries: 10% of GDP > 50% of economic growth (UNU-MERIT, 2006) Key element driving ICT sector Critical for almost every company’ performance (McKinsey, 2013) Global trade in IP licences > 900 billions US $/year = 5% of world trade (Hargreaves, 2011) Potential to strongly affect: structure, competitiveness, and performance of ICT industry (Merrill Lynch, 2001) One of the most important IT trends in the 21st century (Forrester, 2007) Contribution to Europe’s economy: 450 billion Euro /year (Daffara, 2012) Multiple implications: cultural, economic, societal, technological, legal, ethical, moral, and political Introduction
  • 5.   OSS (http://opensource.org/osd)   Software that is licensed under an open source license   The source code is available to everybody and can be used, modified and redistributed with or without condition   Examples of OSS licenses   Apache License 2.0   BSD (Berkeley software distribution license)   GNU General Public License (GPL)   MIT license   Mozilla Public License, etc. Introduction
  • 6.   OSS phenomenon has grown beyond infrastructure software   It has now reached the domain of mission-critical software   Definition of mission-critical software   “Business applications, excluding email, that would bring a company to a stop if they were not running” (IDC, 2009, p. 3) Introduction
  • 7.   Examples of mission-critical OSS   ERP (enterprise resource planning)   E.g.: OpenERP, ERP5, Compiere, OpenBravo, OfBiz   CRM (customer relationship management)   E.g.: SugarCRM, VTiger, CiviCRM   Electronic Medical or Health Record (EMR, EHR)   E.g.: OpenEMR, Oscar, Open Vista, OpenEHR, Cristal-Net Introduction
  • 8.   A number of OSS characteristics make OSS particularly attractive to organizations   The potential for reducing the total cost of ownership (Bradbury, 2006)   No vendor lock-ins (Nagy et al., 2010)   Use of open standards (opensource.org) Introduction
  • 9.   Several governments around the world   Have set up initiatives or even legislate in favor of OSS adoption (CSIS, 2010)   Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Ghana, Japan, South Africa, The UK, The US, Taiwan, etc.   A survey conducted in the United Sates, France, the UK and Germany   Only 10% of the companies surveyed reported using OSS for mission-critical applications (IDC, 2009) Introduction
  • 10.   We maintain that   The apparently slow movement of organizations toward mission-critical OSS   Has increased both the relevance and importance of understanding the main barriers or constraints preventing organizations from adopting these software applications   (Drawing on Paré, Wybo and Delannoy, (2009)) Introduction
  • 11.   We conducted a Delphi survey to answer the following research question : What are the barriers that prevent organization from adopting mission-critical open source software applications ?   The study was carried out in two different countries namely France and Canada   To lessen socio-economic context bias (Pudelko, 2006) Introduction
  • 12. France Canada General Context GDPcapita (US$) 42,377 50,345 International Telecommunication Union’s Digital Access Index (ITU-DAI) 0.72 0.78 ICT Development Index (IDI) 18 22 OSS Specific Context Open source Index Ranks (out of 75 countries) Activity Rank 1 28 Government Activity Rank 1 34 Industry Activity Rank 25 17 Community Education Activity Rank 3 16 Environment Rank 15 10 Government Environment Rank 18 11 Industry Environment Rank 18 15 Research Context Sources: UN (2012); ITU (2012); Open Source Index Ranks (2009); HDI (2011); Center for Strategic and International Studies (2010)
  • 13. Method: Delphi Survey Phase 1: Brainstorming (n=29) • A brainstorming round was conducted to elicit as many barriers as possible from the two panels of experts. Panelists were asked to provide short descriptions of the barriers in order to aid the researchers consolidate the responses into a single list Phase 2: Narrowing down (n=29) • The initial list of barriers was validated by panelists •  Each expert selected 10 barriers he/she considers most important •  Only barriers considered by at least 25% of the experts were selected for the following phase Phase 3: Ranking (round 1: n=26) (round 2: n=23) •  Each panelist rank ordered the final list of barriers • A mean rank was calculated for each item •  Degree of consensus was assessed using Kendall’s W •  Ideally, the process continued until an acceptable level of agreement was reached
  • 14. France (n=18) Canada (n=11) Gender Male 16 (89%) 10 (91%) Female 2 (11%) 1 (9%) Age (years) 30-39 2 (11%) - 40-49 6 (33%) 6 (55%) 50-59 3 (17%) 2 (18%) > 59 1 (5%) 3(27%) OSS expertise ERP 7 (39%) 6 (55%) CRM 6 (33%) 8 (73%) Database software 6 (33%) 5 (45%) Communication 6 (33%) 10 (91%) Operating systems 5 (28%) 7 (63%) Software development 5 (28%) 5 (45%) Business intelligence 3 (17%) 4 (36%) Network management 2 (11%) 2 (18%) Other 6 (33%) - Average (median) Average (median) Experience in the IT industry (year) 13 (16) 15 (15) Experience with OSS (year) 8 (12.5) 9 (9) Method: Panel Demographics
  • 16. BARRIERS TO MISSION-CRITICAL OSS ADOTION FR QC ENVIRONMENTAL External political pressure Lack of guidelines from public authorities Disadvantageous tender/procurement processes vis-à-vis OSS Mission-critical solution Lack of reliable information about mission-critical OSS products Lack of homologation by government bodies ORGANIZATIONAL Conservative nature of CIOs and CEOs attitudes and practices Lack of internal IT resources and expertise Internal political pressure Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt (FUD) with regard to Mission-Critical OSS service providers reliability Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt (FUD) with regard to Mission-Critical OSS product reliability Misunderstanding of OSS products and business models OSSSPECIFIC Mission-critical open source software product stereotype and prejudice Lack of responsible third-party engagement OSS industry and business model stereotype and prejudice Insufficient market visibility and lack of marketing actions Complexity of open source ecosystem 5 1 2 3 4 8 6 9 5 7 10 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
  • 17. Conclusions   Our overall goal   to contribute to the effort of identifying barriers that prevent organization for adopting mission-critical OSS   In total, 7 out of the 16 most important barriers that we found were not reported in the literature   We complement the OSS literature by adding new insights to the existing body of knowledge dominated by client perspective alone
  • 18. Conclusions   The present study provides managers, consultants and policy makers with an exhaustive, yet validated set of mission-critical OSS barriers   Identifying the barriers is the first, necessary step to overcoming them   It demonstrates the influence of socio-economic context and the maturity of the field on the relative importance of these barriers   To conclude, we must recognize the main limitations of our findings   Additional Delphi studies must be conducted with OSS experts from other parts of the world to allow more generalizability of the findings
  • 19. THANK YOU !THANK YOU ! Dr Placide Poba-Nzaou Professor School of Management (ESG) Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) poba-nzaou.placide@uqam.ca