The document discusses several key events in the development of the American colonies from the 17th to 18th centuries. It describes how the English needed to expand their military in the late 17th century to fund the army, leading to new taxes and the creation of the Bank of England. It also discusses the growing economic and cultural connections between Britain and its North American colonies through increased trade, the development of colonial newspapers, and the influence of religious revivals in the colonies. Finally, it provides an overview of European imperial conflicts in North America, including the French and Indian War, which resulted in France ceding its North American territories to Britain.

1. AMERICAN COLONIES:PRELUDE TO REVOLUTIONS Sayda Vega EXTRA CREDIT HIST 140

2. *Men and Money -The English needed a new powerful army -William of Orange persuaded parliament to expand the English military -They had an army of 48,000 subjects and 21,000 German mercenaries -The needed funding for the military so they used heavy new taxes -Creation of the Bank of England 13- Revolutions(1685-1730) *Union -English union with Scotland -Each kingdom remained distinctive and independent from each other -Many merchants had their own commercial business -In 1707 the Scottish Parliament embraced a union that created “a new composite realm ‘ by the mane of Great Britain’”. -Great Britain and Scotland had common things but different legal, educational and church establishments.

3. 14- The Atlantic (1700-1780) *News -By 1730, many ships arrived to the colonies with letters, and newspapers from England. -It gave to the colonies a feeling of better informed about different aspects form Europe. -They also felt more secure for being aware of many things -The Boston News-Letter was the first colonial newspaper in 1704. *Trade -Trade became played an important role during the 18th Century. -The colonies developed a multilateral trading system. -The Navigation Act also helped a lot on exporting merchandise such as sugar and tobacco, fish, provisions, wheat, flour, salt and wine. -They traded with England, West Indies, Iberia, some Atlantic Islands. -It contributed to the economic growth of the colonies.

4. 15- Awakenings(1700-1775) *Growth and Limits -There were 450 Congregationalists churches mostly in New England by 1750 -Anglicans 300 parishes -Quakers with 250 meetings -Presbyterians 160 churches -Religion played an important role on providing social services, books, etc. -High church attendance -Evangelicals vs. rationalists *Revivals -Evangelical traditions of Congregational and Presbyterian congregations -There were 6 main revivals: in 1679, 1683, 1696, 1712, 1718, and 1727. -Emotional process of conversion that transformed sinners into saints -Usage of “awakening“ sermons

5. 16- French America (1650-1750) *Opportunity -Many French who emigrate to Canada improved their life style -Opportunities of hunting, fishing, keeping warm during cold seasons -Limited opportunities of employment in rural New France -”Little effect on the legal and cultural subordination of women”. -Patriarchal authority -Women also helped in the field work -Women could remarry if widowed *Authority -French colonies revealed more militaristic, paternalistic and centralized form of authority. -Louis XIV 1661-1715 -Competititon for power -The New French tolerated no other faith -Seigneurs -Every male between the ages of 16 and 60 to serve in the militia

6. 17- The great Plains (1680-1800) *Genizaros -Colony of New Mexico -There were a decrease of trade with nomads because of the Hispanics -Slavery -Nomads killed and captured Hispanics, and people from the pueblo. -Nomads traded everything in exchange of deer and buffalo hides, gold and silver -People who were sold were sent to work in the silver mines of Northern Mexico -They were called Genizaros. *Comanche and Apache -Comanche lived in the southern plains, and they were the most important -Important usage of horses -Moved from one place to another for hunting -The Apache were another tribe -The Comanche made an alliance with the Wichita -Some Apache were known as Hispanics as the Apache de Navihua, and later on as Navajo -New Mexico, Texas -Rivality-Comanche against Apache

7. 18- Imperial wars and crisis (1739-1775) *Renewed War -Renewed war with France -War of Jenkins’s Ear -Spanish assault on the new colony of Georgia in 1742 -The War of Austrian Succession; the French government supported Spain -Louisburg commander -The France vs. Britain War finally ended nine years later, after many incidents and deaths *The Seven Years War -It officially began in 1756 in Europe -George Washington played an important role -Great Britain main purpose was to destroy France’s colony empire -More than 20,000 soldiers were sent to America to fight -At the end France ceded the New France colony -The War finally ended in 1763

8. 19-The pacific (1760-1820) *Missions -Native people labeled as gente sin razon -Hispanics against California Indians -Hispanics wanted to convert gente sin razon into gente de razon -Baptism -Made use of mass, Holy days, and powerful and magic objects -All conversions were voluntary -Conversion offered security -Neophytes were mission Indians -New converts should live apart from the unconverted *Kamehameha -Hawaiian Island became a place to rest, repair, resupply water, wood and provisions for the new transpacific trade. -Chief Kamehameha of Hawaii became the dominant chief of the islands from 1780 to 1790 -He was a man with “restless intelligence, and voracious ambition” -He contributed to invade many islands including Maui and Oahu -He died in 1819 and helped Hawaii to recover from his wars of conquest.