1. Unit3 – Cells –6thedition:Chapters 7, 8, 11, 12, 19 ( pgs. 368-372)& 28 (548-554)
8th edition: Chapters 6,7, 11, 12, 18 (373-377), 28& (575-589)
1. Preview the chapter and focus on:
a. Key Concept:s(noted at the beginning of the chapter)
b. Objective questions: Concisely answer the questions below. Get to the main point and don’t copy
every sentence as you will use these as a study aid in preparation for the AP Exam.
c. Vocabulary Term: Correctly use as many as possible while answering the objective questions. (You
might want to make some type of vocabulary list or flashcards to use when you review for the AP
Exam in May)
d. Graphic:s(read the captions and see if you understand the figure)
2. Read thoroughly the Summary of Key Concepts at the end of each chapter
Chapter 7/6 – A Tour of the Cell
Objective questions:
How We Study Cells
1. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power.
2. Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and
scanning electron microscope.
3. Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique.
A Panoramic View of the Cell
4. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.
6. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells.
The Nucleus and Ribosomes
7. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in
the cytoplasm.
8. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome.
The Endomembrane System
9. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and functions, and summarize the
relationships among them.
10. Explain how impaired lysosomal function can cause the symptoms of storage disease.
11. Describe the different structures and functions of vacuoles.
12. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of compartmentalization in mitochondrial
function.
13. Distinguish among amyloplasts, chromoplasts, and cholorplasts.
14. Identify the three functional compartments of a chloroplast. Explain the importance of compartmentalization in
chloroplast function.
Other Membranous Organelles
15. Explain the roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
16. Explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells.
Thy Cytoskeleton
17. describe the functions of the cytoskeleton.
18. Describe the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
19. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relate to their functions.
Cell Surfaces and Junctions
20. Describe the development of the plant cell walls.
21. Describe the structure and list four functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells.
22. Describe the structures of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells and relate those structures to their
Functions.

2. Key terms:
light microscope (LM) resolving power organelle electron microscope
transmission electron microscope (TEM) scanning electron microscope (SEM)
cell fractionation ultracentrifuge cytosol prokaryotic cell
nucleoid cytoplasm plasma membrane mucleus
nuclear lamina chromatin chromosome nucleolus
ribosome endomembrane system vesicle endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
smooth ER rough ER glycoprotein transport vesicle
golgi apparatus lysosome phagocytosis food vacuole
contractile vacuole central vacuole tonoplast mitochondria
chloroplast crista mitochondrial matrix plastid
thylakoid granum stroma peroxisome
cytoskeleton microtubule microfilament intermediate filament
centrosome centriole flagellum xilium
basal body dynein actin myosin
pseudopodium cytoplasmic streaming cell wall primary cell wall
middle lamella secondary cell wall extracellular matrix collagen
proteoglycan fibronectin integrin plasmodesma
tight junction desmosome gap junction
Chapter 8/7 – Membrane Structure and Function
Objective questions:
Membrane Structure
1. Describe the properties of phospholipids and their arrangement in cellular membranes.
2. Explain what freeze-fracture techniques reveal about the involvement of proteins in membranes.
3. Describe the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by
Membrane composition.
4. Describe how proteins and carbohydrates are spatially arranged in cell membranes and how they contribute to
Membrane function.
Traffic Across Membranes
5. Describe factors that affect the selective permeability of membranes.
6. Describe the locations and functions of transport proteins.
7. Define diffusion. Explain what causes diffusion and why it is a spontaneous process.
8. Explain what regulates the rate of passive transport.
9. Explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents potential energy.
10. Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions.
11. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based on differences in solute concentrations.
12. Describe how living cells with and without walls regulate the balance of water content.
13. Explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes.
14. Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion.
15. Explain how active transport differs from diffusion.
16. Explain what mechanism can generate a membrane potential or electrochemical gradient.
17. Describe the process of co-transport.
18. Explain how large molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
19. Compare pinocytosis and recptor-mediated endocytosis.

3. Key terms:
selective permeability amphipathic molecules fluid mosaic model integral protein
peripheral protein transport protein diffusion concentration gradient
passive transport hypertonic solution hypotonic solution isotonic solution
osmosis osmoregulation turgid flaccid
plasmolysis facilitated diffusion aquaporin gated channel
active transport sodium-potassium pump membrane potential electrogenic pump
electrochemical gradient proton pump cotransport exocytosis
endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis ligand
recptor-mediated endocytosis
Chapter 11 – Cell Communication
Objective questions.
An Overview of Cell Signaling
1.Describe the basic signal-transduction pathway of yeast. Explain why we believe these pathways in yeast, mammals,
And plants evolved before the first multicellular organisms appeared on Earth.
2. Categorize chemical signals in terms of the proximity of the communicating cells.
3. Describe the three main stages of cell signaling.
Signal Reception and the Initiation of Transduction
4. Describe the nature of a ligand-receptor interaction and state how such interactions initiate a signal-transduction
system.
5. Compare and contrast G-protein-linked receptors, tyrosine-kinase receptors, and ligand-gated ion channels.
Signal-Transduction Pathways
6. Describe several advantages of using a multistep pathway in the transduction stage of cell signaling.
7. Explain what is usually passed along in a signal-transduction pathway.
8. Describe how phosphorylation propagates signal information.
9. Describe how cyclic AMP is formed and how it propagates signal information.
10. Describe how the cytoplasm concentration of Ca2+ can be altered and how this increased pool of Ca2+ is involved
with signal transduction.
Cellular responses to Signals
11. Describe how signal information is transduced into cellular responses in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
12. Describe how signal amplification is accomplished in target cells.
13. Describe how target cells discriminate among signals and how the same signal can elicit multiple cellular responses.
14. Explain how scaffolding proteins help to increase the efficiency of signal transduction.
Key terms:
signal-transduction pathway local regulator hormone ligand
G-protein-linked receptor G protein tyrosine kinase tyrosine-kinase receptor
ligand-gated ion channel protein kinase protein phosphatase second messenger
cyclic AMP (cAMP) adenylyl cyclase diacylglycerol (DAG) inositol triphosphate (IP3)
calmodulin scaffolding protein
Chapter 12 – The Cell Cycle
Objective questions:
The Key Roles of Cell Division
1.Explain how cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair.
2. Describe the structural organization of the genome.
3. Describe the major events of cell division that enable the genome of one cell to be passed onto two daughter cells.
4. Describe how the chromosome number changes throughout the human life cycle.

4. The Mitotic Cell Cycle
5. List the phases of the cell cycle and describe the sequence of events that occurs during each phase.
6. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase.
7. Recognize the phases of mitosis from diagrams and micrographs.
8. Draw or describe the spindle apparatus, including centrosomes, kinetochore, microtubules, nonkinetochone
microtubules, asters and centrioles (in animal cells).
9. Describe what characteristic changes occur in the spindle apparatus during each phase of mitosis.
10. Explain the current models for poleward chromosomal movement and elongation of the cell’s polar axis.
11. Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants.
12. Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria and how this process may have evolved in eukaryotic mitosis.
Regulation of the Cell Cycle
13. Describe the roles of checkpoints, cyclin, Cdk, and MPF in the cell cycle control system.
14. Describe the internal and external factors that influence the cell cycle control system.
15. Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells differs from normal cell division.
Key terms:
cell division cell cycle genome chromosome
somatic cell gamete chromatin sister chromatids
centromere mitosis mitotic (M) phase interphase
G1 phase S phase G2 phase prophase
prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase
mitotic spindle centrosome kinetochore metaphase plate
cleavage cleavage furrow cell plate binary fission
origin of replication cell cycle control system checkpoint G0 phase
cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) MPF growth factor
density-dependent inhibition anchorage dependence transformation tumor
benign tumor malignant tumor metastasis
Chapter 19/18- The Organization and Control of Eukaryotic Genomes
Objective questions:
The Molecular Biology of Cancer
1. Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes. Describe three genetic changes that can convert proto-
oncogenes to oncogenes.
2. Explain how mutations in tumor-suppressor genes can contribute to cancer.
3. Explain how excessive cell division can result from mutations in the ras oncogenes.
4. Explain why a mutation knocking out the p53 gene can lead to excessive cell growth and cancer. Describe three ways
that p53 prevents a cell from passing on mutations caused by DNA damage.
5. Describe the set of genetic factors typically associated with the development of cancer.
6. Explain how viruses can cause cancer. Describe several examples.
32. Explain how inherited cancer alleles can lead to a predisposition to certain cancers.
Key terms:
oncogene proto-oncogene
tumor-suppressor gene ras gene p53 gene

5. Chapter 28 – 6thedition (548-554)
8th edition(575-589)
The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity
Objective questions:
A Sample of Protistan Diversity
1. Describe the current hypothesis for the lack of mitochondria in diplomonads and parabasalids.
2. Describe the structure, ecology, and human impact of diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenoids, kinetoplastids,
dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates, stramenopiles, heterokont algae, oomycotes, bacillariophytes,
chrysophytes, phaeophytes, rhodophytes, and chlorophytes.
3. Describe thesimilarities and distinct characteristics of the rhizopods, actinopods, and foraminifers.
4. Describe the adaptations of Mycetozoa that facilitate their role as decomposers.
5. Compare the life cycles and ecology of plasmodial and cellular slime molds.
Key terms:
Plastid serial endosymbiosis secondary endosymbiosis
kinetoplastids euglenoid