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THE BRITISH MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE
MIDWEST, 1760-1786
Steven M Baule
CONTEMPORARY LONDON MAP, 1755
THE MIDWEST IN 1760
Ft. Chartres
Ft. Ouiatenon
Ft. St. Joseph
Ft. Detroit
Ft. Michlimackinac
Ft. Niagara
Ft. LigonierFt. Miami
Vincennes
Ft. Sandoske
INDIAN ATTACKS
IN 1763
AFTERMATH OF PONTIAC’S REBELLION
 After the Indian
Uprisings of 1763 &
1764, the British
consolidated to a few
larger posts
 Exceptions were the
single company
posts at Kaskaskia
and Cahokia in the
American Bottom
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1764/1765
 Fort Le Boeuf Fort Presque’ Isle
 Fort St. Joseph Fort Ligonier
 Fort Venago Fort Miami
 Fort Sandusky Fort Ouiatenon
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1772
 Cahokia
 Fort Chartres
 Fort Pitt
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1776
 Fort Gage (Kaskaskia)
FT. CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
 No civil government in the Old Northwest
 Military Court at Ft. Chartres
 Parliament would like to abandon the area, but
the King refuses
 Quebec Act allowed for the development of
civil government & protected the Catholic
Church
 The entire Illinois Country was formally included
within the Province of Quebec
 Trade, mostly exports of fur, were to be sent
down river to New Orleans and then to
1774
 June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements
along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into
the Province of Quebec
 Ft. Sackville was [re]built by the British at
Vincennes, but was not garrisoned
 Replacement of the palisade was completed
at Ft. Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 – BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish
2 Coys.
King’s Regt.
2 Coys
King’s Regt.
3 Coys
King’s Regt.
3 1/2 Coys
Royal Irish
4 men
Ft. Oswegatchie
King’s Regt.
1 Coy
Ft. Erie
1775
 Dr. John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt.
Lord’s Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up
river and take Virginia back with the help of
backwood Loyalists and Indians
 Conolly was captured near Ft. Pitt and the
plan never reached the troops in the Illinois
Country.
1776
 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a
Congressional attack (May –June).
 A former French officer was appointed
governor in Illinois, Pierre de Rochebleve
 Troops on the Great Lakes remained in
place; troops from Illinois were drafted into
the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and
scattered between at least Mackinac and
Detroit
 It does appear that that troops had intended
to return to Kaskaskia and some families
remained in Illinois for years
1777
 Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier.
 British were anticipating an attack on Detroit
that never materialized.
 Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough)
between settlers and Shawnee under
Blackfish, but no direct British involvement.
Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish.
1778
 George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia
without resistance from the French habitants
on July 4, 1778
 Fr. Gibault helped prepare the way for the
Virginians
 British troops were sent to from Detroit to
Vincennes to fortify the village against
Congressional forces
1779
 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in February
1779 – transported to Williamsburg – treated like
criminals and not as POWs
 Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain
stationary
 Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and
Congress
 British under Bird besiege Ft. Laurens, Ohio in
February 1779; Lift siege by the end of the month;
Congressional forces withdraw to Ft. Pitt by August
1779
FT. LAURENS, OHIO
 On February 22, 1779, Captain Henry Bird, 8th Foot, with a
handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot,
Mingo, Munsee, and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort.
The siege continued until mid-March, and the men inside
the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled
moccasins.
 British forces were also weakened by the long siege and
lifted the siege on March 20, 1779.
FT. LAURENS AFTERMATH
 Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days
after the British lifted the siege on March 23,
1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind
under the command of Major Fredrick
Vernon.
 Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh
as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort
was inadequate for mounting an attack on
Detroit, so the fort was abandoned on August
2, 1779.
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS
COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
 Attack Spanish posts at St. Louis, New Orleans and
Natchez
 Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
 Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans
 Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780 and
Pensacola in 1781
 Troops at Cahokia and St. Louis were stymied by
Spanish
1780
 Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for
British forces
 Plan to attack both St. Louis and Cahokia
 Troops were gathered on May 2, 1780
 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
 About 250 Sauk & Fox joined here
 Continued to St. Louis
MAY 26, 1780
Attack on St. Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt. Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft. Michlimackinac
1781
 Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the
straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well
protected (the post will remain for nearly 150
years); buildings were moved over the ice;
oldest stone buildings remain from the British
occupation
 Detachment sent to Duluth, MN (Grand
Portage) to oversee the fur traders at
Chippewa village
FT. MACKINAC
1780 Officers’ Quarters
British Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION, 1782
FEBRUARY 12, 1781
 The Spanish took Fort St. Joseph by surprise
on 12 February 1781. Captain Pouré had the
Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St.
Joseph and the St. Joseph River for Spain.
They plundered the fort; departing the next
day. The Spanish returned to in St. Louis on
6 March, where Pouré delivered the British
flag to the Spanish governor.
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND, JUNE 4, 1782
A mounted company of Butler’s Rangers,
Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column
of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of
Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY, JUNE 6, 1782
AUGUST 8, 1782
 Battle of Piqua (near Springfield, OH)
 G. R. Clark led over 1000 militia to burn five
Shawnee villages along the Little Miami.
 Also burning the trading post of Peter
Loramie, a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17, 1782
 Attack on Bryan Station
 At Bryan Station, founded in 1775-1776
 Near present day - Lexington, KY
 British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782
 Cpt. Wm. Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British
 The siege was lifted when Kentucky militia
were reported in the area
AUGUST 19, 1782
 Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount
Olivet, Kentucky
 On a hill next to the Licking River in what is
now Robertson County, a force of about 50
British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed
and routed 182 Kentucky militia . It was the
worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the
war.
 Troops remained in place at Mackinac and
Detroit & Niagara
1783
1784-1796
 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac, Detroit & Niagara. The Jay
Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal
of British Troops from the Old Northwest.
They would return in 1812.
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
 Through 1776, the British are nearly entirely
reliant on the small forces of regulars to
garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois
Country.
 After 1778, with the entry of France and
Spain into the war, regulars are only present
in token levels. Two regulars accompanied
the forces attacking St. Louis and Cahokia
for instance.
BRITISH FOCUS
 1763 to 1770 – Establish Control of the Ohio
Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
 1770-1771 – Prepare for War with Spain
 1772-1775 – Keep the peace with Indians
 1775-1779 – Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes)
 1780-1782 – Regain control of
Mississippi/Ohio Valley (with allies) Defeat
Spain
 1783-1796 – Retain commercial control of
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST
 8th (King’s) Foot – Individuals on Mississippi
1780
 18th (Royal Irish) Foot – Illinois garrison,
1768 to 1776
 34th Foot – reached Ft. Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768
 42nd Foot – reached Ft. Chartres by Ohio in
1765
 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
 British regulars finally abandon Detroit,
Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
 British continue to try to control Indians from
the north side of the Great Lakes
 Americans build several posts specifically to
deal with British influence
 War of 1812 sees the final effort of British
troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN
THE MIDWEST
 Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library)
 Papers of the Continental Congress
 U of Michigan
 Gage Papers (good through 1775)
 Amherst Papers
 NA UK Archives
 Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers
 WO 4 / 27 / 28 / 71
 Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark
Papers)
QUESTIONS

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British Military Presence in the Midwest, 1760-1786

  • 1. THE BRITISH MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE MIDWEST, 1760-1786 Steven M Baule
  • 3. THE MIDWEST IN 1760 Ft. Chartres Ft. Ouiatenon Ft. St. Joseph Ft. Detroit Ft. Michlimackinac Ft. Niagara Ft. LigonierFt. Miami Vincennes Ft. Sandoske
  • 5. AFTERMATH OF PONTIAC’S REBELLION  After the Indian Uprisings of 1763 & 1764, the British consolidated to a few larger posts  Exceptions were the single company posts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia in the American Bottom
  • 6. POSTS ABANDONED IN 1764/1765  Fort Le Boeuf Fort Presque’ Isle  Fort St. Joseph Fort Ligonier  Fort Venago Fort Miami  Fort Sandusky Fort Ouiatenon POSTS ABANDONED IN 1772  Cahokia  Fort Chartres  Fort Pitt POSTS ABANDONED IN 1776  Fort Gage (Kaskaskia)
  • 7. FT. CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
  • 8. FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
  • 9. ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES  No civil government in the Old Northwest  Military Court at Ft. Chartres  Parliament would like to abandon the area, but the King refuses  Quebec Act allowed for the development of civil government & protected the Catholic Church  The entire Illinois Country was formally included within the Province of Quebec  Trade, mostly exports of fur, were to be sent down river to New Orleans and then to
  • 10. 1774  June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec  Ft. Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes, but was not garrisoned  Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft. Gage
  • 11. FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
  • 12. APRIL 1775 – BRITISH POSTS Fort Gage Fort Michlimackinac Detroit Fort Niagara Fort Pitt Royal Irish 2 Coys. King’s Regt. 2 Coys King’s Regt. 3 Coys King’s Regt. 3 1/2 Coys Royal Irish 4 men Ft. Oswegatchie King’s Regt. 1 Coy Ft. Erie
  • 13. 1775  Dr. John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt. Lord’s Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians  Conolly was captured near Ft. Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country.
  • 14. 1776  Troops were ordered from Illinois to be concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May –June).  A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois, Pierre de Rochebleve  Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place; troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit  It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
  • 15. 1777  Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier.  British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized.  Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish, but no direct British involvement. Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish.
  • 16. 1778  George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4, 1778  Fr. Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians  British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
  • 17. 1779  Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in February 1779 – transported to Williamsburg – treated like criminals and not as POWs  Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary  Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress  British under Bird besiege Ft. Laurens, Ohio in February 1779; Lift siege by the end of the month; Congressional forces withdraw to Ft. Pitt by August 1779
  • 18. FT. LAURENS, OHIO  On February 22, 1779, Captain Henry Bird, 8th Foot, with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot, Mingo, Munsee, and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort. The siege continued until mid-March, and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins.  British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20, 1779.
  • 19. FT. LAURENS AFTERMATH  Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23, 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon.  Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit, so the fort was abandoned on August 2, 1779.
  • 20. BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country  Attack Spanish posts at St. Louis, New Orleans and Natchez  Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia  Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans  Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780 and Pensacola in 1781  Troops at Cahokia and St. Louis were stymied by Spanish
  • 21. 1780  Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces  Plan to attack both St. Louis and Cahokia  Troops were gathered on May 2, 1780  Travelled downriver to Rock Island  About 250 Sauk & Fox joined here  Continued to St. Louis
  • 22. MAY 26, 1780 Attack on St. Louis in Missouri State Capital
  • 23. CahokiaSt. Louis Prairie du Chien Ft. Michlimackinac
  • 24. 1781  Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years); buildings were moved over the ice; oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation  Detachment sent to Duluth, MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
  • 25. FT. MACKINAC 1780 Officers’ Quarters British Era Well
  • 27. FEBRUARY 12, 1781  The Spanish took Fort St. Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781. Captain Pouré had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St. Joseph and the St. Joseph River for Spain. They plundered the fort; departing the next day. The Spanish returned to in St. Louis on 6 March, where Pouré delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor.
  • 28. SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND, JUNE 4, 1782 A mounted company of Butler’s Rangers, Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
  • 29. BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY, JUNE 6, 1782
  • 30. AUGUST 8, 1782  Battle of Piqua (near Springfield, OH)  G. R. Clark led over 1000 militia to burn five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami.  Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie, a Loyalist
  • 31. AUGUST 15-17, 1782  Attack on Bryan Station  At Bryan Station, founded in 1775-1776  Near present day - Lexington, KY  British militia and Shawnee warriors besieged the settlement in August 1782  Cpt. Wm. Caldwell and Simon Girty led the British  The siege was lifted when Kentucky militia were reported in the area
  • 32. AUGUST 19, 1782  Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet, Kentucky  On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County, a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia . It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war.
  • 33.  Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit & Niagara 1783 1784-1796  British Troops remained in place at Mackinac, Detroit & Niagara. The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest. They would return in 1812.
  • 34. IMPACT OF THE REGULARS  Through 1776, the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country.  After 1778, with the entry of France and Spain into the war, regulars are only present in token levels. Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St. Louis and Cahokia for instance.
  • 35. BRITISH FOCUS  1763 to 1770 – Establish Control of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)  1770-1771 – Prepare for War with Spain  1772-1775 – Keep the peace with Indians  1775-1779 – Protect Detroit (and Great Lakes)  1780-1782 – Regain control of Mississippi/Ohio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain  1783-1796 – Retain commercial control of
  • 36. BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST  8th (King’s) Foot – Individuals on Mississippi 1780  18th (Royal Irish) Foot – Illinois garrison, 1768 to 1776  34th Foot – reached Ft. Chartres from Louisiana in 1765 to 1768  42nd Foot – reached Ft. Chartres by Ohio in 1765  Small detachment of Royal Artillery
  • 37. POST 1796  British regulars finally abandon Detroit, Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796  British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes  Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence  War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
  • 38. DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST  Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library)  Papers of the Continental Congress  U of Michigan  Gage Papers (good through 1775)  Amherst Papers  NA UK Archives  Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers  WO 4 / 27 / 28 / 71  Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. London Magazine, A Map of the Five great Lakes, with Par of Pensilvania, New York, Canada and Hudson’s Bay Territories & c.
  2. Ft. Sandoske – Built by British in 1745 and then taken by French, burned in 1753? Ft. Sandusky – 1761 to 1763 1 officer and 15 men captured (all the men were killed) on May 16, 1763, fort burned
  3. The Indians didn’t attack Ft. Chartres since the British weren’t there yet Eventually took Lt. Pittman from the 34th Foot to reach Chartres overland. He was followed by the 42nd coming down the Ohio from Pitt and then the rest of the 34th Foot coming up river from Louisiana.
  4. Existing “customs document” relating to furs being shipped from Kaskaskia to London still exist in the Newberry LibraryBritish tried to remove the settlement at Vincennes several times
  5. Ft. Michlimackinac – Major DePeyseter with 2 companies (Bn & Gren.)Detroit – 3 battalion companies under Cpt. LernoultFt. Gage – Bn & LI Coy under Cpt. LordNiagara – 3 1/2 bn companies under Lt. Col. CaldwellFt. eire – ½ Bn Coy. Under Lt. Samuel WilloeFt. Oswegatchie – LI Coy, under Cpt. Geo. Forster
  6. (CW currently presenting on this as a piece of their Revolutionary City Programs) Bill Potter has done some review of the POWs and at least a couple of them did return to the 8th Foot, but the exact circumstances are not entirely clear.
  7. British authorities, during the spring of 1780, prepared to carry out a comprehensive plan for the recapture of the Illinois Country and to attack St. Louis, New Orleans, and other Spanish posts on the Mississippi River. Spain, allied with France, had joined the war against Great Britain in 1779, and had rapidly gained control over British positions along the Mississippi in that year. Four simultaneous movements were planned. Capt. Henry Bird, with a force from Detroit, was directed to "amuse" George Rogers Clark at the Falls of the Ohio. General John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll, from Pensacola, after taking New Orleans was to proceed up the Mississippi to Natchez where he was to be joined by a third force that descended the Illinois River and captured St. Louis. Capt. Charles de Langlade was to lead the force down the Illinois, which was to split up and also monitor Vincennes.No part of the plan proved successful. Campbell was preoccupied with the threat posed by Bernardo de Gálvez, the governor of Spanish Louisiana, who captured Mobile in March 1780 (and then also captured Pensacola in 1781). The expedition against St. Louis was repulsed. Langlade withdrew his remaining forces when Illinois cavalry approached.
  8. Under Charles Langlade and/or Emmanuel Hess – former officer of the 60th FootIncluded 00 Santee sout – Chief WabashaChippewas under Chief MatchekewisLarge number of Winnebagoes and Menominees250 Sauk and Fox“1/2 dozen other tribes were represented.
  9. Langalade came from Chicago
  10. Ft. Madison, IA (1808 – 1813)Ft. Snelling, MN (1819 – 1956) Maintain Ft. Mackinaw and Ft. Niagara until WW2
  11. Illinois country Troops report to Gage until 1775, then to Canada – Haldimand and Carleton