Presentation to the Moffett Restoration Advisory Board May 12, 2011.

1. Installation Restoration Site 28
In Situ Biotic/Abiotic Treatability Study
Valerie Harris, U.S. Navy
Dan Leigh, Shaw E&I, Inc.
Restoration Advisory Board Meeting
May 12, 2011
12
Former Naval Air Station Moffett Field, Moffett Field, California

2. Site Location
2

3. Pilot Test Areas and Regional Plume
Traffic Island
Well W9-18
Fmr Bld 88
3

5. Hypothesized Reaction Pathways
Biotic Abiotic
PCE PCE
TCE Dichloroacetylene
TCE
Cis 1,2‐DCE Trans 1,2‐DCE 1,1‐DCE, trans 1,2‐DCE, cis1,2‐DCE
Chloroacetylene
VC
VC
Ethene Ethene Acetylene
Ethane Ethane C4
α‐elimination Hydrogenolysis
C4 compounds
β‐elimination Hydrogenation

6. Indicators of Degradation Pathway
Abiotic Pathway
y
Biotic Pathway
Biotic Pathway
• Dichloroacetylene
• Primarily cis 1,2‐DCE
• Chloroacetylene
• Stoichiometric Conversion
• Acetylene
• 1,1‐DCE
,
• Low TCE, DCE, VC / ethene ratio
6

7. IR Site 28 Treatability Study
Purpose of Treatability Study (TS)
Determine if in situ anaerobic biotic or combined
abiotic/biotic treatment can remediate the chlorinated
ethenes (CEs) at IR Site 28
Treatability Study Method
Conduct separate pilot tests in three areas
Former Building 88 Area
Traffic Island Area
Well W9-18 Area
Stage 1: Hot Spot Characterization
Stage 2: Treatment Pilot Tests

8. IR Site 28 TS Implementation
Field Activities (July and August 2010 )
 Observation Well Network Installation
 Baseline Groundwater Monitoring Event
 Substrate Preparation
 Substrate Injection
 Post-Injection P f
P t I j ti Performance M it i
Monitoring

9. Pilot Tests in Three Areas
In Situ Anaerobic Biostimulation with Bioaugmentation
Process
Traffic Island Area
Emulsified Vegetable Oil [LactOil™] & SDC-9™
Building 88 Area
Sodium Lactate [Wilclear®] & D hl i i Mi bi l
S di L [Wil l Dechlorinating Microbial
Consortium [SDC-9™]
In Situ Anaerobic Biotic/Abiotic Degradation Process
Well W9-18 Area
Zero-valent i
Z l t iron with controlled-release carbon [EHC®]
ith t ll d l b

10. Emulsified Oil & SDC 9
SDC-9™
EHC®
Lactate & SDC-9™
Observation Well Network &
Observation Well Network &
Injection Grid Layout

11. Injection Layout – Traffic Island Area
10 to 55 ft bgs interval
15 injection points
j p
20 injection intervals
(65 to 10 feet bgs)
28,000 gallons of WATS
water
3,190 gallons Lactoil
115 liters SDC 9
SDC-9

12. Injection Layout – Traffic Island Area
55 to 65 ft bgs interval

13. Injection Layout – Former Bldg 88 Area
10 injection points
10 injection intervals
(60 to 35 feet bgs)
865 lbs lactate
8,000 gallons of WATS
water
55 lbs lactic acid
35 liters SDC-9

14. Injection Layout – Well W9-18 Area
4 injection points
8 injection intervals
(30 to 10 Feet bgs)
8,000 lbs EHC
2,500 gallons
hydrant water

15. Implementation Observations
Substrate I j
S b Injection:
i
•EHC difficult to inject and distribute in low permeability
j p y
units.
•Lactate and EVO easier to inject and distribute
distribute.
•Substrates not distributed uniformly due to heterogeneous
nature of subsurface.
t f b f

16. Pre and Post-Injection Monitoring
• 6 events:
 Baseline sampling - completed
 August 2010 - completed
 early November 2010 - completed
 late January 2011 - completed
 mid April 2011 – waiting for analytical results
 late June 2011
•All 24 observation wells + 3 monitoring wells
b ti ll it i ll
•Analytical parameters
 VOCs, Biogeochemical Indicators, Organic Substrate
Indicators, Physical, and Biological

17. Geochemical Indicator Parameter Summary
Treatment A
T Area Results
R l
• pH and ORP are within appropriate range.
range
• Alkalinity and TOC increased indicating substrate
was distributed.
distributed
• Changes in electron acceptor (EA) and expressed
product (EP) concentrations indicate conditions
are appropriate.
17

18. Results for Traffic Island Area
18

19. Traffic Island Area - Total Chlorinated Ethenes, µg/L
GW flow direction
1,759 4,109 872
476 469 751
311 3,614 18,245
36,125 4,623 32,950
19

20. VOCs & Dissolved Gasses Traffic Island
Graph 20a
28OW-05 (Treatment Area; 12 to 17 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration
5,000 800 PCE TCE Total
T t l DCE
Ethene, Ethane, Acetylene (µg/L)
4,500 700
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
4,000
600
3,500
3,000 500
A
,
2,500 400 VC Ethene Ethane
2,000 300
1,500
200
1,000
500 100
0 0 Acetylene
0 50 100 150 200 0 0 0 1 1 1
Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)
Graph 21a Graph 22a
p
28OW-06 (Treatment Area; 24 to 29 ft bgs) 28OW-07 (Treatment Area; 40 to 50 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration Mass Concentration
1,800 350 lene (µg/L) 8,000 100
Ethen Ethane, Acetylene (µg/L)
1,600 7,000 90
300
µg/L)
µg/L)
1,400 80
250 6,000
PCE TCE, DCE, VC (µ
PCE TCE, DCE, VC (µ
Ethen Ethane, Acetyl
1,200 70
5,000 60
1,000 200
4,000 50
800 150
3,000 40
600
100 30
ne,
ne,
2,000
2 000
E,
E,
400 20
50 1,000
200 10
0 0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 20 0 50 100 150 200
Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010) Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

21. Graph 23a
28OW-08 (Treatment Area; 55 to 65 ft bgs) VOCs & Dissolved
Gasses Traffic
Mass Concentration
5,000 800
µg/L)
4,500 700
Island
ane, Acetylene (µ
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
4,000
600
3,500
3,000 500
2,500 400 PCE
Ethene, Etha
2,000
2 000 300
1,500
200
1,000
500 100 TCE
0 0
0 50 100 150 200
Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)
Total DCE
Graph 27a
28OW-12 (Treatment Area; 55 to 65 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration
50,000 5000 VC
tylene (µg/L)
45,000 4500
PC TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
40,000 4000
35,000 3500
Ethene
C
Ethen Ethane, Acet
30,000 3000
25,000 2500
20,000 2000
15,000 1500 Ethane
ne,
CE,
10,000
10 000 1000
5,000 500
0 0
Acetylene
0 50 100 150 200 21
Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)
0 1 1

22. VOCs & Dissolved Gasses Traffic Island
PCE
Graph 16a Graph 18a
28OW-01 (Downgradient; 12 to 17 ft bgs) 28OW-03 (Downgradient; 40 to 50 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration Mass Concentration
700 25 TCE 35,000 300
Ethene, Ethane, Acetylene (µg/L)
Ethene, Ethane, Acetylene (µg/L)
600 30,000 250
PCE, TCE, DCE VC (µg/L)
20
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
Total DCE
500 25,000
200
15
400 VC 20,000
E,
150
300 10 15,000
Ethene 100
200 10,000
5
100 5,000 50
Ethane
0 0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010) Acetylene Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)
Graph 17a Graph 19a
28OW-02 (Downgradient; 24 to 29 ft bgs) 28OW 04
28OW-04 (Downgradient; 55 to 65 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration Mass Concentration
1,800 250 30,000 140
tylene (µg/L)
Ethen Ethane, Acetyle (µg/L)
1,600
25,000 120
PC TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
PC TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
1,400 200
ene
100
1,200
1 200 20,000
20 000
hene, Ethane, Acet
C
150
1,000 80
15,000
800 60
100
600 10,000
40
CE,
CE,
400
ne,
50
5,000
5 000
Eth
20
200
0 0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010) 22 Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

23. Treatmen Area
nt
28O
OW-12 28OW
W-08 28OW-0
07 28OW-06 28OW-05
Screened 55 to 65 ft bgs
d Screened 55 to 65 ft bgs
t Screened 40 to 50 ft bgs
0 Screened 24 to 29 ft bgs
b Screened 12 to 17 ft bgs
y
Day 0
Week 1
Week 12
Week 24
VC
23
TCE
PCE
t-DCE
c-DCE
Ethane
Ethene
1,1-DCE
Acetylene
Downgra
adient
28OW-04 28OW-03 28OW-02 2
28OW-01
Screened 55 to 65 ft bgs S
Screened 40 to 50 ft bgs Screened 24 to 29 ft bgs Screen 12 to 17 ft bgs
ned
Day 0
Week 1
Molar Fraction of Ethenes in Traffic IslandArea
Week 12
Week 24

24. Cross gra
adient
W9-42 W9-29
Screened 29 to 39 ft bgs Screened 7 to 17 ft bgs
VC
24
TCE
PCE
t-DCE
c-DCE
Ethane
Ethene
1,1-DCE
Acetylene
Upgrad
dient
28O
OW-11 28OW
W-10 28OW-0
09
Screened 40 to 50 ft bgs Screened 24 to 29 ft bgs Screened 12 to 17 ft bgs
Molar Fraction of Ethenes in Traffic IslandArea

25. Building 88 Area
• Pretty picture please
25

26. Bldg 88 Area - Total Chlorinated Ethenes, µg/L
GW flow direction
27,279
27 279 3,002
3 002 3,049
3 049
4,306 3,764 4,521

27. VOCs & Dissolved Gasses Building 88 Area
Graph 64a PCE Graph 62a
28OW-21 (Treatment Area; 35 to 40 ft bgs) 28OW-19 (Downgradient; 35 to 40 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration Mass Concentration
4,500 700 TCE 4,000 0.8
Ethene, Ethane, Acetylene (µg/L)
cetylene (µg/L)
4,000 3,500 0.7
600
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
PCE, TCE, DCE VC (µg/L)
3,500 Total DCE
500 3,000 0.6
3,000
2,500 0.5
2,500 400
VC
E,
Ethene, Ethane, Ac
A
2,000 0.4
2,000 300
1,500 1,500 0.3
200 Ethene
1,000 1,000 0.2
100
500 500 0.1
Ethane
0 0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Days (Day 0 = August 2, 2010) Acetylene Days (Day 0 = August 2, 2010)
Graph 65a Graph 63a
28OW-22 (Treatment Area; 52 to 62 ft bgs) 28OW-20 (Downgradient; 52 to 62 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration
M C t ti Mass Concentration
4,500 1.2 5,000 3.5
etylene (µg/L)
ylene (µg/L)
4,000 4,500
1 3
Concentration (µg/L)
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
3,500 4,000
3,500 2.5
3,000 0.8
hene, Ethane, Ace
C
ene, Ethane, Acety
3,000 2
2,500
0.6 2,500
2,000 1.5
2,000
1,500 0.4
1,500 1
1,000
0.2 1,000
Eth
0.5
05
Ethe
500 500
0 0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 50 100 150 200
Days (Day 0 = August 2, 2010) 27 Days (Day 0 = August 2, 2010)

28. Dow
wngradien
nt Treatm
ment Area
28OW
W-20 28O
OW-19
Screened 52 to 62 ft bgs
o Screened 3 5 to 40 ft bgs
28OW-22 28OW-21
Screened 52 to 62 ft bgs Screened 35 to 40 ft bgs
Day 0
Week 1
Week 14
Week 26
28
Up
pgradient
28OW-24 28OW-23
Screened 52 to 62 ft bgs
6 Screened 35 to 40 ft bgs
4
TCE
PCE
t-DCE
c-DCE
DCE
1,1-DCE
,
VC
Molar Fraction of Ethenes in Former Bldg 88 Area
Ethane
Ethene
Acetylene

29. Well W9‐18 Area
29

30. Well W9-18 Area - Total Chlorinated Ethenes, µg/L
GW flow direction
3,158 6,375 3,049
2,727 7,816
2,381
30

31. VOCs & Dissolved Gasses W9-18 Area
Graph 102a
28OW-15 (Treatment Area; 13 to 18 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration
9,000 3.5 PCE TCE Total DCE
cetylene (µg/L)
8,000
3
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
7,000
2.5
6,000
V
Ethene, Ethane, Ac
5,000 2
4,000
VC Ethene Ethane
1.5
3,000
1
2,000
0.5
1,000
E
0 0 Acetylene
0 50 100 150 200 0 0 0 1 1 1
Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)
Graph 103a Graph 106a
28OW-16 (Treatment Area; 22 to 32 ft bgs) W9-18 (Treatment Area; 14 to 24 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration Mass Concentration
3,500 7 8,000 180
Ethene Ethane, Acetyle (µg/L)
Ethene Ethane, Acetyle (µg/L)
7,000 160
3,000 6
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
ene
ene
6,000
, 140
2,500
2 500 5
120
5,000
2,000 4 100
4,000
1,500 3 80
3,000
60
1,000 2
e,
e,
2,000
2 000
,
40
500 1 1,000 20
0 0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 31 0 50 100 150 200
Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010) Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)

32. VOCs & Dissolved Gasses W9-18 Area
Graph 100a
28OW-13 (Downgradient; 13 to 18 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration
3,500 600 PCE TCE Total DCE
tylene (µg/L)
3,000 500
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
2,500
400
C
ene, Ethane, Acet
2,000
300 VC Ethene Ethane
1,500
200
1,000
500 100
Ethe
P
0 0 Acetylene
0 50 100 150 200 0 0 0 1 1 1
Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)
Graph 101a
28OW-14 (Downgradient; 22 to 32 ft bgs)
Mass Concentration
8,000 25
Ethene, Ethane, Acetylene (µg/L)
7,000
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC (µg/L)
20
6,000
5,000 15
4,000
3,000 10
2,000
5
1,000
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 32
Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)

33. Down
ngradient Treatmen Area
nt
28OW-14
4 28OW-13 W9-1
18 28OW-16 28OW-15
Screened 22 to 32 ft bgs
f Screened 13 to 18 ft bg
gs Screened 14 to 24 ft bgs
o Screened 22 to 32 ft bgs Screened 13 to 18 ft bgs
b
Day 0
Week 1
Week 11
Week 22
33
Upgradient
28OW-18 28OW-17
7
Screened 52 to 62 ft bgs
2 Screened 35 to 40 ft bgs
Well W9-18 Area
TCE
PCE
t-DCE
c-DCE
DCE
1,1-DCE
,
VC
Ethane
Ethene
Acetylene

34. Analytical Results Summary
• Some intrinsic abiotic degradation was occurring prior to
substrate injection
• DHC (“bugs”) present in some areas prior to
(“b ”) i i
bioaugmentation
• Complete dechlorination to ethene observed in some
wells
• Degradation not observed in some treatment area wells
• Hydrogeology substantially affects substrate distribution
and therefore degradation
34

35. Analytical Results Summary (cont.)
• Lactate rapidly enhances degradation but is not
degradation,
persistent
• Emulsified oils with lactate rapidly enhances degradation
and lasts longer
• EHC is effective at the high concentration that was
injected
• Injecting substrate and bioaugmentation culture
simultaneously is effective
35

36. Questions?
36